Immune System

In an indirect ELISA, the enzyme-linked antibody attaches to the target antigen that has been immobilized on the microplate. This allows for the detection of the antigen through the enzyme's activity, which produces a signal that indicates the presence of the target antigen in the sample.

ther are different types of pathogens like bacteria and viruses which cause disease by self replicating.if we talk about bacteria it divide into two with in specific time i.e e.coli divide into 2 after every 20 minutes by replication.it divide its genome into 2 and synthesize new strands according to the semi conservative model.

They are collections of lymphatic tissues that are found in the lower part of the small intesine. They are involved in producing white blood cells which can fight infections.

Helper T cells recognize the receptor-antigen complex and cause plasma and memory cells to be produced to then produce antibodies.

All the pathogens spread by fecal-oral route can be spread by objects. If the person handling the object has 'not' washaed his hands after defecation, he will transfer the germs to object. And if the person receiving the object does not wash his hands with soap and water and eat the food, he will get the infection. Like cholera, typhoid, amebic and bacillary desentry, rotavirus infection, hepatitis A etc.

I dont know

There are three parts of your body that produce leukocyte which are also known as white blood cells. They are: The spleen, the thymus and bone marrow.

Are highly specific in their actions

they both do something with diseases and caring for the body

Four barriers that protect humans from pathogens include the mucus of the upper respiratory system, the acid mantle of the skin, the stomach acid in the digestive system, and the cervical mucus of the female reproductive system. There are also celular barriers via the immune system that prevent infection.

Vaccine is a killed (attenuated) pathogen preparation. When it is administrated, out body recognize them still as a pathogen (because their chemical body still there, just they cant infect) and start making antibodies against them. One part of immune cells make the memory cells, to defend these pathogens if this pathogenic infection occurs again.

Coliform bacteria are a diverse group of bacteria that are commonly found in the environment, including the intestines of humans and other warm-blooded animals. They are not necessarily pathogenic themselves, but their presence is often used as an indicator of potential fecal contamination in water or food. Distinguishing them from specific pathogens may require additional testing to identify the exact type of bacteria present.

They transform themselves to lots of plasma cells, which create antibodies to fight against the pathogens.

absolute value is 35% times the WBC total of 12,000 equal 42,000 an abnormally high count

AB positive blood type is considered the universal recipient because it does not have antibodies against A, B, or Rh antigens. This means that individuals with AB positive blood can receive red blood cells from donors of any ABO blood type without causing clumping.

This is something you should discuss with the blood donation technician during your pre-donation interview.

• bacteria
• rickettsia
• unicellular fungi (e.g. yeasts)
• viruses but they have no cellular structure
• viroids
• prions (misfolded proteins)

Rheumatic fever is actually your body's severe inflammatory reaction. It is first caused by an infection with Streptococcus bacteria.

it's kind of a late complication, so that even with treatment with antibiotics, the heart is often damaged, and you may still have joint pains, etc.

Both agents are highly specific in their actions, and respond to a specific stimulus.

They bind to antigens, which can be either proteins, carbohydrates, or proteins decorated with attached carbohydrates. This allows the immune system to recognize infectious organisms and parasites so it can prepare to fight them.

T cells and B cells both arise from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. They undergo differentiation and maturation in the thymus for T cells and in the bone marrow for B cells.

Your body has different ways to act, depending on the type of pathogen.

Many extracellular pathogens get attacked by antibodies, witch stick to the surface of the pathogen and can prevent the uptake of nutrients or from attaching to cells of your body. In many cases these antibodies also facilitate the uptake of pathogens by macrophages, who will digest them. In both cases the pathogen will die and thus be inactivated. The remains can be broken down in your body to serve as nutrients just as any type of food would.

Intracelluar pathogens are removed by killing the cells that host them. This happens by inducing cell lysis in these cells through the formation of pores in the cell membrane or interactions with Natural Killer Cells. The host cells will die and the pathogen will not be able to replicate, the celldebris is broken down to its building blocks (amino acides, nucleic acids e.d.) and recycled by the body.

Inflammation is the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. It is a protective attempt by the organism to remove the injurious stimuli as well as initiate the healing process for the tissue. Inflammation is not a synonym for infection. Even in cases where inflammation is caused by infection it is incorrect to use the terms as synonyms: infection is caused by an exogenous pathogen, while inflammation is the response of the organism to the pathogen. In the absence of inflammation, wounds and infections would never heal and progressive destruction of the tissue would compromise the survival of the organism.

The process of acute inflammation is initiated by the blood vessels local to the injured tissue, which alter to allow the exudation of plasma proteins and leukocytes into the surrounding tissue. The increased flow of fluid into the tissue causes the characteristic swelling associated with inflammation, and the increased blood flow to the area causes the reddened colour and increased heat. The blood vessels also alter to permit the extravasation of leukocytes through the endothelium and basement membrane constituting the blood vessel. Once in the tissue, the cells migrate along a chemotactic gradient to reach the site of injury, where they can attempt to remove the stimulus and repair the tissue1.


1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammation


how bout u go to a doctor or a bathroom if you got inflammation down there no what in sayin.......lol I'm funny