India

about 65.38%(2004). It increases by 1.5-2% every year.

around 72.8%(2009) The Literacy rate is also the ability 2 read and write.

9.4 STATE-WISE LITERACY RATES (2001)

(in Per cent)

1 Jammu & Kashmir - 55.52

2 Himachal Pradesh - - - - 76.48

3 Punjab - 69.65

4 Chandigarh - 81.94

5 Uttranchal 71.62

6 Haryana - - 67.91

7 Delhi NA 81.67

8 Rajasthan 60.41

9 Uttar Pradesh 56.27

10 Bihar 47.00

11 Sikkim - - 68.81

12 Arunachal Pradesh 54.34

13 Nagaland 66.59

14 Manipur2 70.53

15 Mizoram 88.80

16 Tripura NA 73.19

17 Meghalaya 62.56

18 Assam 63.25

19 West Bengal 68.64

20 Jharkhand 53.56

21 Orissa 63.08

22 Chhattisgarh 64.66

23 Madhya Pradesh 63.74

24 Gujarat 69.14

25 Daman & Diu - - 78.18

26 Dadra & Nagar Haveli - - 57.63

27 Maharashtra 76.88

28 Andhra Pradesh - 60.47

29 Karnataka - 66.64

30 Goa 82.01

31 Lakshadweep 86.66

32 Kerala 90.86

33 Tamil Nadu - 73.45

34 Pondicherry - 81.24

35 Andaman & Nicobar Islands 81.30

ALL INDIA2 64.84

4. Created in 2001.

Uttaranchal Pradesh, Jharkhand and Chattisgarh for 1981 and 1991 are included under Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and

Madhya Pradesh respectively.

The effects of imperialism are both positive and negative. The positive effects are banning inhumane traditional practices such as sati and the dowry system, promoting widow remarriage and prohibiting child marriage. The negative effects are that Britain caused the traditional industries to crash. Also, poverty increased. British officials were paid out of the India treasury.

THE GREAT IMPACT OF IMPERIALISM

Fundamentally, the imperialism idea comes from the early modernization concept that began with the 16th century. Afterwards renaissance, catholic reformation and reconnaissance actions follow this concept in order. Then geographical explorations take place in history and in this sense a lightening period exists by the help of these agendas. This lightening period consists of many different ideologies. We see these ideologies' changing and shaping time to time and one of these specific action-oriented ideas is seen as imperialism with its impact on some African and Asian part, in particular, the response of conquered areas to the "west" in late 19th century and early 20th century. In order to express what the imperialism is, it can be said that imperialism is an ideology to make good society by being rooted in a particular economic system, capitalism, and benefits a particular class, which Marxists call the bourgeoisie or ruling class. (Butterfield, 2002) In this sense, we see the colonization action of the "west" under the name of imperialism against the African and Asian part of the world in late 19th and early 20th century. In some countries we see the entire-colonization and in some of them there was semi-colonization according to some reasons that are related with their understanding of modernity and the way that they show their reactions. In general sense it can be implied that the reaction of Sub-Saharan Africa against the impact of "west imperialism" was more strict than the one in Central Asia; in terms of economic reasons, nationalism and religion.

To begin with the economic perspective of imperialism, imperialist countries' need of row material and market and the change in the meaning of imperialism seem to be the crucial point. Up to 17th century, imperialism was not related with capitalism because in these times land power was important. However in later period of time, especially in the late19th century the spread of industrialization in the world had achieved the point where international competition for markets was becoming profoundly. After the third threshold of industrial revolution, the new imperialist political ideologies became the state politics of European countries. In this sense colonization action of "west" powers takes place. As a provision, we see the strict; but at the same time invalid reaction of Africans. In Asian side, we don't see such kind of strict reaction as it is seen in Africa. This is because of their preparations against the probable imperialistic action of "west", that can be regarded as the extension of rapid modernization of "west". Especially European countries could not entirely colonized South Central Asian countries such as Iran and India. For example England could not fight with India; because India was not so weak in terms of economy and because of its economical interdependence, India's military modernization had been taken place in order to fight with any power. However the situation in Sub-Saharan Africa was not so pleasing. They were still living as tribal societies and they were ready to be treated as slave. First of all, by the investigations of the European missionaries, "west" were aware of the row material sources that were not used, such as cool and diamond. By the power in their hand, "west" took the region under control and made the people work for their benefit. They also made African pay taxes. Actually that led revolt against foreign occupation. Africans tried to kill the tax collectors as time goes by. For example in 1902 a tax collection exercise in Bailundo, in the center of what is now Angola, went badly wrong when local people rebelled violently, attacking tax collectors and traders (both European and African). This was the first time that Africans had rebelled against the Portuguese in Angola. (BBC WORLD SERVICE, no date) That shows how deeply they were affected from the power of "west". Also we understand that the gloom of Africans did not result from leaving their sources to "west" power. The main point that made them revolt was being made pay taxes.

Secondly in terms of nationalism, liberation struggles of colonized countries come next. Fundamentally, the idea of these struggles relies on the French Revolution and the nationalism idea that comes next. In this sense there are structured similarities between Asian and African independence struggles. However the only point that they differ from each other is the process of their struggles. It is because the Asian nations were more ready in terms of military concept by the qualified commanders that came from "west" in the colonization process. Thus their armies were trained professionally by the Europeans and they were ready to fight with the "west" by the technology that came from "west". Actually, it can be regarded as a contradiction in terms of training the nation and then loss of the colonized land because of the liberation action of that nation. In African side the situation was same; but their liberation process was too long. At that point the lack of modernization agendas can be shown as a reason.

One other point about liberation is the modern education concept in Africa and Asia that was supplied by Europeans. Thus we are faced with the same contradiction again. "West" was supplying the modern education as one of the prerequisite of imperialism and many scientists and thinkers were brought up. As time goes by these thinkers were affected by the ideologies such as nationalism. For example Indian national leader Gandhi was one of them and played a big role on gaining the independence of India after the 2nd World War. (Cody, 1990) In this example we see the specific show of the contradiction that is mentioned above.

Lastly to mention about the perspective of religion, the eurocenteric aim of spreading the Christianity all over the world under the idea of imperialism should be discussed. At that point, we see the similarity between South Central Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa again as we saw in liberation concept. In 19th century most of the Asian and African nations were Muslim and this was a big obstacle for the "west" to achieve their aim. "West" tried to assimilate the Asia and Africa; but they both showed their reaction similarly against the "west". (Pappas, no date) If it is needed to combine religion with nationalism there is something to think about. If the African and Asian nations had been Christian; may be the nationalism idea would loose its validity and its impact on gaining the independence. Moreover, may be the colonized countries would be still colonized under the power of "west". So it is obvious that the religion diversity made colonized nations fight for their independent conceit.

To sum up the agendas of the impact of imperialist "west", the insufficiency in the process of modernization and because of this, being under the control of "west" can be expressed as a summary. In the above examples we see that the impact of "west" and the probable reaction of South Central Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa are based on some economical, ideological concepts and religion in the light of many specific processes. Also it was obvious that there were both similarities and diversities between Africa and Asia in the period of "west" imperialism and economical perspective was the most distinct one in terms of diversities. On the other hand in nationalism, liberation struggle, the hope of independence and independent conceit were the common points; although there was a little bit diversity in the sense of the process of these concepts.

According to the 2009 Annual Report of the Director for Judicial Business of the US Courts, the following chart shows the total number of authorized judgeships by court. Article III Courts are the only courts considered part of the Judicial Branch of the US, although there are other courts within the federal court system. This chart does not include federal magistrates who work in the US District Courts, but are not afforded the same benefits as Article III judges.

Article III Federal Courts

Supreme Court of the United States.............9

US Court of Appeals Circuit Courts............179

US District Courts (judges)......................678

US Court of International Trade....................9

Article III, approximate...........................875(authorized judgeships)

There are approximately 875 authorized seats (including vacancies) in the Federal Judicial Branch of government (Article III courts). This does not include Article I tribunals, such as US Bankruptcy Courts, administrative law judges or other courts of limited jurisdiction that are part of the federal court system, but not considered part of the Judicial Branch of government.

India is a peninsula that juts into the Indian Ocean. When the Indo-Australian plate clashed into the Eurasian plate, it created the Himalayas, the Tibetan Plateau, and the Karakorum mountain range.

Along the northern edge of India, you can find the Himalayas. South of this is the Kashmir Region. In this region you can find valleys and parts of the Indus River. To the west of India's capital, New Delhi, is the Great Indian Desert. It runs along the border of Pakistan. Just beyond this desert, you can find India's western beaches (Arabian Sea) and the Western Ghats. India curves and has more coastal lines along the eastern side of the country (Bay of Bengal). The Eastern Ghats are located along these eastern beaches. Between the two Ghats is the Deccan Plateau, which is a very important region. It serves as a natural barrier between India's culture. In the north, the Ganges Plain runs along the southern boundary of Nepal and the tip of Bangladesh's western border. India contains several rivers: Ganges, Yamuna, Chambal, Narmada, Goavari, Krishna, Cauvery, and Hooghly River can be found in this country.

When you put all of these elements together, you get lush rainforests, low marshlands, deserts, and high mountains.