Monarchy

This was Sven Forkbeard (died 1014). Sven Forkbeard conquered Norway in 999 and began the conquest of England in 991 which Canute II. the Great of Denmark completed, he was crowned King of England in 1017. Norway could expulse the Danish intruders after the death of Sven. England elected an own king after the Danish reign end in 1042, it was Edward the Confessor (1012-1066) who was declared Saint in 1161 by Pope Alexander III..

Orlando Bandinelli from Siena was teacher of law in Bologna when he was appointed Cardinal in 1153 and Chancellor of the Roman Church in 1156. As such he was an influential counsellor of Hadrian IV.. At the election of the successor the Cardinal assembly could not agree on a common choice, the anti-imperial majority voted for Orlando on 07.09.1159 who called himself Alexander III., the minority of Emperor supporters voted for Octavian who acted as Counter-Pope Victor IV. until 1164. The schism was continued with the Counter-Popes Paschalis III., Calixtus III. and Innozenz III. until 1180. Alexander's pontificate was determined by the struggle with his counter-papal opponents who were positioned by Emperor Barbarossa. After Alexander could defeat Barbarossa in the Battle of Legnano in 1176 by support of the Lombardy urban alliance Barbarossa dropped Calixtus III., in the peace treaty of Venice in 1177 Friedrich I. refrained from occupying Church property. The Lateran Concilium of 1179 determined that for a valid Pope election a two third majority would be imperative. Furthermore the French Waldensians, Catharians and Albigensians were condemned and Sanctification was declared an exclusive papal privilege. During the pontificate of Alexander also the severe conflict with the English National Church took place. Alexander had supported Thomas Becket, archbishop of Canterbury who was murdered in his cathedral in 1170 and Sanctified by the Pope in the same year. Alexander III., one of the most powerful medieval Popes, died on 30.08.1181.

Czar Nicholas ll

European monarchs used the Divine Right of Kings to justify every action taken during his or her reign. This came as a result of the Reformation and various other religious struggles within and against the Catholic church. With the Church's power collapsing, Kings such as Henry VIII became keeper of the faith and sought to unite the church. The monarchs began to enforce the idea that they were told directly by God that they were subject to God only. Works such as Hobbe's Leviathan claimed that the sovereign's power came from God and therefore it was sacrilegous to do anything against that power. People accepted that due to their ignorance with the exception of the nobles who saw that the King's unifying power was undermining their own feudal roles.

William the I built them to protect his army, he built 500 castles made of wood, and when he had total control of England and the opposition was destroyed, he replaced these wooden castles with stronger, more stable stone castles.

William the Conqueror built castles to protect him and his men from attack by the Anglo-Saxons he had beaten in battle of Hastings. During the first few years he spent over ruling the English he ordered 500 castles to be built. These were of the Motte and Bailey variety which is a bailey (wooden stronghold) on top of a motte (man-made hill.)

Once the country was totally under his control and all of his opposition were crushed, that's when he then he replaced the "temporary" castles with more permanent stone structures. Most of these can still be visited today.

Also he needed it to show the people of England that he was in control.

The 1944 & 1945 Coins of 5 Cent from ceylon are extremely rare. How much it is worthy? that depends upon the person who wish to purchase it. Owing to its Quality of preservation if the coin is found extra fine then the auction shall start from 3,00000. 3 years back when I visited to ceylon I ask about this coin to a dealer. He said I have only one Coin with me & it is absolutely NOT FOR SALE! even I asked him how much it worth? His answer was... sorry!

SDS

James I disliked witches mainly be cause he was of homosexual leanings and had a severe distrust for women, believing them to be a threat to an already paranoid king as witches all being women were viewed as directly dealing with the devil himself.

Andorra

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Vatican City

i now the answer to this question....

BOB AND DUNCAN

I believe the role is the same as it has been for many years. The current ruler decides when to participate and/or go to war. They also act similar to the President of the United States in relation to passing laws. They come up with laws (not many new are needed today) and they get the laws passed and enforced. I do not know whether or not the English throne is a successive throne or not. I know it was, but today the people might elect the monarchs themselves.

George III died on 29 January 1820 at Windsor Castle.

anantamhidol

Well Mary was rumored to be born prematurely so rumors spread that she was weak and frail,then soon after she was born she was baptised at the church of saint Michael. Then six days after her birth her father "King James V" died,leaving her with the duty and privilege of being Queen Of Scotland.Mary was also the only legitimate child of James that survived him. Hope This Helped! :D

King James didn't "find" North Carolina. Kings gave land grants to people for various reasons and that is what happened in North Carolina. He did name it after his father Charles.

The Head of State of Australia is Queen Elizabeth II. Her representative in Australia is the Governor General, Quentin Bryce. The leader of the government is the Prime Minister who, in 2011, is Julia Gillard.

It depends which William you are talking about, whether he went to the funeral, and whether it was an open casket affair.

Well there have been 5 Queens of the Untied Kingdom in the 20th century, 2 have been queens regnant(Monarchs in their own right) and 3 have been queens consort(the wives of Kings)

Queen Victoria Born 24 May 1819 Reigned 20 June 1837-22 January 1901 Died 22 January 1901

Queen Alexandra of Denmark Born 1 December 1844 Married 10 March 1863 consort to King Edward VII 22 January 1901 - 6 May 1910 Died 20 November 1925

Queen Mary of Teck Born 26 May 1867 Married 6 July 1893 consort to King George V 6 May 1910 - 20 January 1936 Died 24 March 1953

Queen Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon Born 4 August 1900 Married 26 April 1923 Consort to King George VI 11 December 1936 - 6 February 1952 Died 30 March 2002

Queen Elizabeth II Born 21 April 1926 Reigned 6 February 1952 - present

Tudor monarchs each ruled absolutely, and individually made their marks on British history. The most famous Tudor was Henry VIII, father of Elizabeth I, and the King who had many of his six wives beheaded. He ended up breaking away from the Roman Catholic church, and ended up creating the Church of England.

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Tudor

The Queen is the head of state of 16 countries, including Canada, UK, Australia and others. She is personally associated to the UK and the Governors General represent her elsewhere. According to the UK Constitution, she is the head and source of all branches of public power, being defined as "fountain of justice" (this is why the prisons are called HM Prisons and people is condemned in the Queen's name), "fountain of legislative power" (meaning she has to approve and sign every Parliament bill to make it law), "fountain of executive power" (meaning she appoints the Prime Minister, she is the chief of the Armed Forces, she appoints all the ministers, she calls for elections, the secret services respond to her and she signs all treaties and appoints all the ambassadors as well as foreign ambassadors need to be recognised by the Queen) and "fountain of honour" (meaning she awards all the honours and recognitions of state).

Both Prince Philip and the current monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, are great great grandchildren of Queen Victoria. Therefore, as well as both Elizabeth and Philip being related by blood to Victoria, they are also related to each other, being third cousins.

Yes, she was briefly trained to service vehicles, as a uniformed member of the ATS (Auxiliary Training Service).

According to "Scotland: A Concise History" by James Halliday, Mary would have succeeded James II, but James had another son in 1688 described as "unexpected and inopportune". So William of Orange (ruler of Holland) was invited by the English to come and bring James into obedience. He did and ran James into exile. After some confusion the English parliament conferred the joint (England and Scotland) crown upon William and Mary. Simply put, William and Mary were married. They were also cousins, William being the son of Charles II's sister, Mary, who married William II of Orange. Thus William also had a claim to the English and Scottish throne (I believe he was right after Mary and Anne). However, William did not want to be king through Mary's grace, but through his own (He did not want to be tied to Mary's strings) and he also wanted to remain king if Mary predeceased him (which she did). These were the conditions of his acceptance of the English and Scottish throne.

used a number of different tactics to reduce the power of the monarchy. They tried and executed unpopular officials. They also Passed the Triennial Act, which required Parliament to meet every three