Renaissance

The Renaissance happened because people started reading ancient texts and looking at ancient art. They then thought that they should create such as well, and used these ancient arts as their influence as well as creating their own, new forms of art.

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The first part of the to this question is all related to the politics of the court of Henry VIII. Henry was second in line to throne, his father Henry VII had a son Arthur who was older. For political reasons an alliance between Aragon (a country now part of Spain) and England was important and so a marraige between Catherine of Aragon and Arthur, the heir to the English throne was arranged. However before Arthur could succeed to the throne he died. In order to carry through the alliance with Aragon it was decided that Arthur's brother (and heir to throne) Henry should marry Catherine - who incidentally was considerable older than Henry. Henry became king in 1509. The marriage occurred and a daughter (Mary Tudor) was born. However in those times it was desirable for there to be a male heir to the throne.

As Catherine of Aragon grew older the likelihood of her bearing a male hier decreased. At the same time Henry VIII became infatuated with a young courtier called Anne Boelyn. At this stage England was still firmly a part of the Roman Catholic Church. However the events which follow would cause a split from Rome.

On the grounds that it was immoral (according to the bible) for a man to marry his brother's wife, Henry VIII appealed to the church to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. That is to say, declare that it was improper for the marriage to have taken place and thus say that they could never have really been married. This would allow him to marry Anne Boelyn and hopefully produce a male hier. Remember, there really wasn't any divorce back then, and even if you did divorce you were strictly forbidden from re-marrying.

The church in England was split over what to do and because of the importance of such a decision the Pope was asked to decide. A trial was held in England with a representative from the Pope there. However either on moral grounds, or (as was seen by Henry) because of political pressures on the Papacy from Spain (who were opposed to any annulment), Henry's request was denied.

The response was primarily one of frustration. Henry VIII made himself the head of the Church of England, and refused to recognise any earthly authority higher than himself within his realm. At this point theologically the Church was still very much a Roman Catholic Church - just without the connection to Rome.

Henry encountered much opposition from within the Church in England, but forced the clergy to swear obedience to him. Those who refused were deposed. The strongest opposition came from the many monasteries throughout England. So Henry had them dissolved. This also helped boost the royal treasury. The monasteries were very wealthy, and owned vast areas of land.

Anne Boelyn gave Henry an heir, but it was another girl (later Elizabeth I). Rumours of adultery lead Henry to have her executed for treason. This also enabled him to re-marry again. His third wife, Jane Seymour, bore him a son.

This son would later become Edward VI ruling from 1547 until 1553. He is important as he was both first in line to the throne and a Protestant. The now independent Church of England was under Edward VI allowed the clergy to introduce many Protestant ideas and practices. However he died young and without an heir. He hoped to prevent his staunchly Roman Catholic sister Mary Tudor from succession by trying to make the Protestant Lady Jane Grey Queen, but his attempts failed.

Mary Tudor, the daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, was also the wife of Phillip the king of Spain. As queen she attempted to completely reverse all Protestantism from England and return to Papal authority. Because of her persecution of Protestants she became known as "Bloody Mary". Her reign too was relatively short 1553 - 1558.

In 1558 Elizabeth (daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boelyn) came to the throne. She had a lengthy reign which partially enable her to resolve many of the religious difficulties by establishing a tolerant Protestant church in England. Many of the customs and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church were maintained within a Protestant theology. English was spoken rather than Latin and so long as every one attended Church each week, there was limited (but not encouraged) freedom for additional meetings of non-conformists and Roman Catholics.

This is only the first part of the Reformation in England and I hope in part an the first part of the question. I don't know enugh about the Reformation in Europe to compare it to that in England, other than to say that the English Church gained political independence from Rome prior to actual religious reform taking place. As opposed to such reform in Europe generally being the cause for separation from Rome.

Only thing I can add is that in England - the King (or Queen) is head of the Protestant Anglican church it's unique in Europe. The reason being was that when Henry VIII split from the Catholic Church he used the title "defender of the faith" which ironically had been given to him by the Pope. This was used to give him overlordship over the English Protestant Church - this title still exists today. Anglicanism also covers an umbrella of different types of Protestant streams from High Anglicanism which in many cases is indistinguishable from Catholicism (only difference is the Pope is not the head) to regular strands which would have more in common with Lutheranism in Europe the only difference is that the Monarch is the head of the Church.

The main religious beliefs in Europe of the 15th century were: - Greek Orthodox Religion in the Eastern part of the world (Byzantine Empire, which was conquered by Muslim Turks on 1453). - Roman Catholic Church in the West part of Europe. Later other religious beliefs came into play. For example Lutheranism emerged around 17th century in the Northern parts of Europe (Germany etc).

The major TRADE Cities were: Rome, Florence, Venice, Bologna, Naples and Milan.

In order to have the Renaissance, an area needed several things. It needed peace and stability. It needed money. It needed an intelligencia. It needed the writers, artists, and musicians. And it needed the Patrons. The Austrian Empire established peace. The trading houses of Venice and other coastal cities created money. Instability in the Islamic world caused many of their writers, artists, and musicians to flee on the trading boats and move to that area. The church had an intelligencia that saw how they could be used. Rich patrons existed who would pay for them to draw pictures and do other things for the churches.

The Renaissance (or "rebirth" of civilization) took place all over Europe.
in the 12 century

The Sforza Family ruled Milan during the Renaissance.

Italy had several important cities. Cities were places where people exchanged ideas. These cities included a class of merchants and bankers who were becoming wealthy and powerful. This class strongly believed in the idea of individual achievement. Italian artists and scholars were inspired by the ruined buildings and other reminders of classical Rome

The term is also used more loosely to refer to the historic era, but since the changes of the Renaissance were not uniform across Europe, this is a general use of the term. As a cultural movement, it encompassed a resurgence of learning based on classical sources, the development of linear perspective in painting, and gradual but widespread educational reform. Traditionally, this intellectual transformation has resulted in the Renaissance being viewed as a bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern era. Although the Renaissance saw revolutions in many intellectual pursuits, as well as social and political upheaval, it is perhaps best known for its artistic developments and the contributions of such polymaths as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, who inspired the term "Renaissance man".

Because it reflected the personalities of many people.

The renaissance was a time for rebirth of genii. people extended their intrests in many subjects. such people were DA Vinci, Brunelleschi, Michelangelo , Verocchio, Donatello and many more. However I am concentrating on the era's main capital : Firenze or Fiorenza, as known then. we must not forget Galileo or Giotto of Padova/Patavium or other cities. A perfect example, however, would be Leonardo, which mixed all of the subjects above in his life at once.

The discovery of the new world by Christopher Columbus in the late 15th Centaury. It spawned the age of Scientific and exploratory study, reflected in the renaissance art movement. Much in the same way, but to a lesser extent, the science around space exploration in the 60's influenced the arts and media the 70's and 80's.

Gunpowder, compass, the match, the printing press, microscope, spectacles/glasses, submarine, flush toilet, mechanical clocks, wallpaper and artillery.

They looked at various themes such as perspective in art, individualism, neoplatonism, hermedism, secularism, individualism, and realism

Her social influence is vast, almost unquantifiable. She is well known and well liked internationally and at home. Her image defines modern Britain across the globe. from her acession to the Annus Horribilus to the death of Diana, Princess of Wales her life and that of her family have become part of Britains history. She is seen as a unifying force and physical embodyment of the State.

Her power (influence) as Head of State (Queen) of the United Kingdom and the 15 other Commonwealth Realms. Whilst in each of Her Realms (they are each fully independent of each other and in what is called a personal Union, sharing her as their Sovereign) she or one of her representatives acting on her behalf (Govenors General ) exercises the Royal Perogative, her constitutional powers as Queen of each nation: Veto of Law (witholding Royal Assent), Declaring War, Declaring Peace, Enacting Law (Granting Assent).

She Is still the Commander in Chief of Her Armed Forces in each of her Realms and all honours, punishments and treaties signed by any of her governments are done so in her name. Each of Her Governments swear Alliegence to Her as do all Judges, police and Soilders.

All this does not however mean she has any real power. Whilst her constitutional powers may technically be vast, The Queen or one of her Governors General almost always act in accourdance with the wishes of the elected government.

A monarch last refused the Royal Assent in 1708 (Queen Anne) and only a handfull of Governers General have ignored the Queen Govenments and Used the Royal Perogative to Withold Assent, though this has always been met with dissaproval and seen as an abuse of constitutional law.

So in conclusion her influence is vast as a modern Constitutional Monarch who reigns but does not rule. She has as the right to be consulted, advise and warn but not to make laws of her own accord.

was josquin de pres ever married

Descartes was a very friendly man and very intellectually open; he had close personal relationships with his family members, exemplified by his sadness over the death of his young daughter. As he was very religious, Descartes sought to reconcile his faith with his scientific and philosophical discoveries.

it was the rebirth of time. That's what the renaissance was. So now what do u think? Huh?

>.<

Oil paint on wood panel. He also made pencil and ink drawings.

The Baroque Era

Leonardo De Vinci was Italian.

Honestly, I'm 50/50 about it.

I truly feel that some of the name changes are unjustified and unfair, if this process is to heal the wounds of Apartheid, then why rename streets that are completely innocent, such as Church Street in Pretoria (Now Stanza Bopape) it had no Apartheid implications or connections, it was named that because the first Church of Pretoria was built on it. Not to mention it was the longest 'Church' street in the Southern Hemisphere, sadly it has now been divided into three parts. Then you have Zambezi drive, an African River, its name has too been stripped and replaced. Since when are Rivers pro-Apartheid?

On the other hand, I understand the renaming of Hendrik Verwoerd, the man was one of the leading figures in the Apartheid Movement. I get that we need to move up and away from Apartheid, so changing the names of streets that honour people like Verwoerd is understandable.

The problem is that now, many White Afrikaans South Africans feel that some of their history is being stripped away (Thank goodness they left Kruger and Pretorius street alone).

I understand that Apartheid hero's need to be honoured, but is representing one side of history really worth replacing or hiding another part?

Like I said, some were justified, others were not. But at least the original names shall be returned underneath the new names (although they will be crossed out with red tape).

Donatello dad was Niccolo di Betto Bardi. His mom is unknown.