Software Engineering

RAILWAY RESERVATION SYSTEM

This system is basically concerned with the reservation and cancellation of railway tickets to the passengers. The need of this system arose because as is the known fact that India has the largest railway network in the whole of the world and to handle it manually is quite a tough job. By computerizing it, we will be able to overcome many of its limitations and will be able to make it more efficient. The handling of data and records for such a vast system is a very complex task if done manually but it can be made much easier if the system is computerized.

To be more specific, our system is limited in such a way that a train starting from a particular source will have a single destination.

The basic functions being performed by our system are reservation and cancellation. These functions will be handled with the help of following sub functions: -

Ñ It reserves and cancels seats for the passenger.

Ñ It contains information about the trains.

Ñ It contains information about the passenger.

Ñ It contains the details of reservation fees, any concessions etc.

Ñ It makes entries for reservation, waiting, cancelled tickets.

Ñ It will update for uptime and downtime trains.

Index:-

· System Specification

§ Security

§ Limitation of Executing System

· Data Flow Diagrams

· Description of Flow Chart

· Entity Relationship Diagrams

· Feasibility Study

· Introduction of Feasibility study

· Summary

· Testing

· Debugging

· Conclusion

· Reference

SYSTEM SPECIFICATION

The railway network is a very vast system to be handled manually and its computerization will prove to be of great help to both the employees and the passengers.

SECURITY:-

From security point of view, authentication will be done by password checking. If correct password has been entered by the user, the user will get further access to the system, otherwise he will have to re-enter the password. The facility to change the password has also been provided but for that the user will have to first enter the old password. The password can be four characters long.

LIMITATIONS OF EXISTING SYSTEM: -

Ñ Data redundancy: It means that same data fields appear in many different files and often in different formats. In manual system, it poses quite a big problem because the data has to be maintained in large volumes but in our system, this problem can be overcome by providing the condition that if the data entered is duplicate, it will not be entered, otherwise, updating will take place.

Ñ Difficulty in accessing the data: In manual system, searching information is time consuming but in our system, any information can be accessed by providing the primary key.

Ñ Unsatisfactory security measures: In manual system, no security measures were provided but in this system, password security has been provided. The person can access the system by providing the correct password otherwise he is denied the access.

DATA FLOW DIAGRAMS

The data flow diagram is a graphical representation that depicts information flow and the transforms that are applied as data moves from input to output. The DFD may be used to represent a system or software at any level of abstraction. In fact DFD may be partitioned into levels that represent increasing information flow and functional detail.

The level 0 DFD or a context model represents the entire software element as a single bubble with input and output data indicated by incoming and outgoing arrows, respectively.

In level 0 diagram shown below, the passenger fills either the reservation or cancellation form as input. He gets the ticket as the output and the report is sent to the administration.

Up/down train info

Fill cancellation form

Passenger

Admin

Fill reservation form resva/cancle info

Ticket info passenger info

Waiting info

Level - 1 data flow diagram

Up Storage

Down Storage

A level 1 DFD is the furthur refinement of level 0 DFD showing greater details and functionalities. In this, the single bubble of level 0 DFD is refined furthur . Each of the processes depicted at level 1 is a subfunction of the overall system depicted in the context model.

As shown in the DFD above, the passenger either enquires about the trains or goes directly for the reservation or the cancellation processes as a result of which he gets the ticket generated. The reports are then sent to the administration.

Level 2 DFD

Cancel table

Reservation table

Waiting table

The level 2 DFD is the further refinement of the level 1 DFD. As shown in the DFD above the passenger has many options like he can directly go to the reservation counter or can first inquire and then go to the reservation counter or he can just inquire and return back. If the passenger wants reservation then the seats are checked for availability and if the seats are available the confirmation ticket is generated otherwise he is asked for waiting and waiting ticket is generated if he wants. If the user wants tickets to be cancelled he is given the cancellation ticket and the reports of all the transactions are sent to the administrator.

DESCRIPTION OF FLOW CHART

The program flowchart shows how the system proceeds from the input form to the output form of the system. It explains how the system is actually processed step by step .It represents the flow of control as the system is processed.

There are three types of program flow chart:

1. Input flow chart: This flowchart depicts the basic input operations in the system. In railway reservation system, first of all the password is checked then if the password is valid then we process the input form if the data is valid then the entries are updated in the data base otherwise the form is refilled.

2. Output flow chart: This flowchart depicts the basic output operations in the system. The user is required to enter t

he criteria for output. If it is for the reservation then the availability if seats is checked. If the seats are available then the confirmed ticket is generated otherwise the user is asked for waiting and if he wants then waiting ticket is generated. If the user wants the seat to be cancelled it is done and the cancelled ticket is generated for the user. The information about all the above transactions is then transferred to the related databases.

3. Report flow chart: This flowchart depicts the basic operations for the generation of reports. If the entries from the processed database are valid the concerned reports are generated otherwise the process will have to be repeated.

No

Yes

Reservation database is updated

INPUT FLOW CHART

ENTITY RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM

Entity relationship diagram expresses the overall logical structure of a database graphically. It shows the relationship between different entities. The entities can have composite, multivolume or derived attributes. The entities and their attributes are: -

1 Passenger

#. Name

*. First name

*. Middle name

*. Last name

#. Gender

#. Address

*. House no.

*. Street

*. City

#. Age

#. Phone no.

2 Form

#. Form no.

3 Ticket

#. Ticket no.

*. Waiting

*. Confirmed

*. Cancelled

4 Reservation counter

5 Administrator

6 Train

#. Train no

#. Train name

#. Source

#. Destination

7 Seat

#. Seat no.

#. Compartment no.

2. Submit: The form is submitted to the reservation counter.

3. Check: The reservation counter checks the seats.

4. Generate: Reservation counter generates the ticket.

5. Issue: Reservation counter issues ticket to the passenger.

6. Send info: The reservation counter sends information to the administrator.

7. Allotted: The seat is allotted in the train.

Symbols

Meanings

Data flow

Process

Data store

Entity

OUTPUT FLOWCHART

REPORT FLOWCHART

FEASIBILITY STUDY

An initial investigation in a proposal that determines whether an alternative system is feasible. A proposal summarizing the thinking of the analyst is presented to the user for review. When approved, the proposal initiates feasibility study that describes and evaluates candidate systems and provides for the selection of best system that meets system performance requirements.

To do a feasibility study, we need to consider the economic, technical factors in system development. First a project team is formed. The team develops system flowcharts that identify the characteristics of candidate systems, evaluate the performance of each system, weigh system performance and cost data and select the best candidate system for the job. The study culminates in a final report to the management.

By the end of this chapter you should know:

1. The steps in defining system performance.

2. What key considerations are involved in feasibility analysis?

3. How to conduct a feasibility study?

INTRODUCTION

1. Describe and identify characteristics of candidate systems.

2. Determine and evaluate performance and cost effectiveness of each candidate system.

4. Weigh system performance and cost data.

5. Select the best candidate system.

SUMMARY

1. A feasibility study is conducted to select the best system that meets performance requirements. This entails an identification description, an evaluation of candidate systems, and the selection of the best system for the job.

2. A statement of constraints, the identification of specific system objectives and a description of outputs define a system's required performance. The analyst is then ready to evaluate the feasibility of candidate systems to produce these outputs.

3. Three key considerations are involved in feasibility analysis: economic, technical and behavioral.

4. There are eight steps in feasibility study:

a. STATEMENT OF CONSTRAINTS

Constraints are factors that limit the solution of a problem. Some constraints are identified during the initial investigation

b. IDENTIFICATION F SPECIFIC SYSTEM OBJECTIVES

Once the constraints are spelled out, the analyst proceeds to identify the system's specific performance objectives. They are derived from the general objectives specified in the project directive at the end of the initial investigation. The steps are to state the system's benefits and then translate them into measurable objectives.

c. DESCRIPTION OF OUTPUTS

A final step in system performance definition is describing the output required by the user. An actual sketch of the format and contents of the reports as well as a specification of the media used, their frequency, size and numbers of copies required are prepared at this point.

d. FEASIBILITY CONSIDERATIONS

Three key considerations are involved in the feasibility analysis:

1. Economic feasibility

2. Technical feasibility

3. Behavioral feasibility

Testing and Debugging

Testing:

Testing is the process of exercising software with the intent of finding errors and ultimately correcting them. The following testing techniques have been used to make this project free of errors.

· Unit - smallest testable piece of software.

· A unit can be compiled /assembled / linked/loaded; and put under a test harness.

· Unit testing done to show that the unit does not satisfy the application and /or its implemented software does not match the intended designed structure.

· Integration is the process of aggregating components to create larger components.

· Integration testing done to show that even though components were individually satisfactory, the combination is incorrect and inconsistent.

System Testing Focuses on a complete integrated system to evaluate compliance with specified requirements (test characteristics that are only present when entire system is run)

· A system is a big component.

· System testing is aimed at revealing bugs that cannot be attributed to a component as such, to inconsistencies between components or planned interactions between components.

· Concern: issues, behaviors that can only be exposed by testing the entire integrated system (e.g., performance, security, recovery)

Each form encapsulates (labels, texts, grid etc.). Hence in case of project in V.B. form are the basic units. Each form is tested thoroughly in term of calculation, display etc.

Debugging:

Debugging is a consequence of successful testing. That is when a test care uncovers an error, debugging is the process that results in the removal of errors. There are mainly two types of debugging.

Conclusion

Practical Training is a very important part of the curriculum as it strengthens the concepts and enhances knowledge about the practical implementation of all the theory concepts, we have learnt so far in different subjects.

This summer training helped us learn a lot. In this training we did the project on railway reservation system. This project is used to keep a track on reserving the seat to the passenger. It helps managing the system very efficiently and conveniently.

Finally, this gives us a lot of mental satisfaction that the project we have worked upon is a real time project, which will be installed at the customer site after some more session of regress testing.

Although the project work has been done in a complete and detailed manner but due to the constraint of time, we could not include some more features we wanted to. We left these features as a part of the future development. As soon as we'll get time we'll try to add them to my project.

Reference:-

v Henry F Korth, Abraham Silberschatz, ''Database system concepts'', McGrsw-Hill Internation editions, Computer Science Series (1991). Second Ed.

v Software Engineering ,McGrsw-Hill Internation editions

v www.Google.com.

Made By:-

Sunil Kumar Sharma

3rd Year (Computer Engineering)

Jaipur Engineering College, Kukas

E-mail: suniljoshi151@yahoo.in.

A Milestone Chart is a Project Control Chart that graphically depicts key events along a timescale, usually with triangles representing each event. It can depict a single event or a culmination of events. It can mark specific points in the project where checks can be made to see if the project is on time and where it should be. The best place to locate milestones is at the completion of a major activity.

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Control Structures change the flow of a program.

Control Structures can be combined using what is known as Nesting.

In Nesting a control structure is put within another Control Structure

Example

If (x==y ) If (y==z) then do something

While(X is Not 0) While ( Y is Not 100 ) then do something.