Neurophysiology

When a person's eyes are open but there is no response, it may indicate a state of unresponsiveness or altered consciousness, such as in cases of coma, severe brain injury, or certain neurological conditions. This lack of reaction can be due to a range of factors including impaired brain function, sedation, or severe medical distress. It is essential to seek immediate medical attention in such situations to assess the underlying cause and provide appropriate care.

The endocrine system plays a crucial role in regulating various physiological processes, including metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, and mood. It achieves this through the release of hormones from glands such as the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands, which act as chemical messengers to target organs and tissues. By maintaining homeostasis, the endocrine system ensures that the body's internal environment remains stable despite external changes. Its intricate balance is vital for overall health and well-being.

No. When you are born, you have the most neurons you will ever have. Until you are in your early 20's your brain continues to "trim" neurons from your brain, a mechanism that aids in learning and development. After this point, as you age, you begin to lose neurons, simply from age. After brain development is complete in utero, there are only two locations in the brain that are capable of generating new neurons: the hippocampus (thought to play a role in learning new information) and the olfactory bulb (learning and recognizing new smells).

Without glial cells, the nervous system would not function properly. Glial cells support and nourish neurons, help maintain the blood-brain barrier, and play a crucial role in neurotransmitter recycling. Overall, the absence of functioning glial cells would result in impaired communication between neurons, leading to disrupted brain function and potentially serious neurological disorders.

Do you mean Encephalitis? Or Anencephaly? I'll explain them both, and you can just skip the one that you didn't mean.

Encephalitis is acute inflammation of the brain. It can be caused by viral/bacterial infections, auto-immune disease, HSV, the later stages of Syphilis, Rabies, Parasitic/Protozoal infections, etc. There's a variety of different causes.

Anencephaly is a very serious birth defect in which a baby is born without parts of the brain/skull. If you google images 'Anencephaly' be warned that the images ae very disturbing. It happens when the neural tube (The neural tube is responsible for forming the brain/skull amongst other things) closes up before the brain/skull is fully developed.

Calcium ions cause the neurotransmitter vesicles to fuse with the axon terminal. When an action potential reaches the axon terminal, voltage-gated calcium ion pores are opened, allowing calcium ions into the axon terminal. These ions initiate the release of neurotransmitter vesicles stored on elements of the cytoskeleton located near the presynaptic membrane; they then travel to the presynaptic membrane, where they first dock, and then fuse with the presynaptic membrane, forming an opening or pore through which the neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft.

Yes. Like any other mutation in chromosomes; this gene may be recessive to you and remain dormant throughout your lifetime. Unfortunately this is innate, so that would make you, or whomsoever is in question, a carrier of the gene. Thus Sociopathy will rear it's ugly head in either your offspring; or if you are really lucky, skip and appear in your offspring's offspring. The only way to attempt to minimize your chances of producing more Sociopaths is to choose a mate with no Sociopathy and or Psychopathy in his or her family history.

Very generic question.

NF can lead to complications which cause death, but usually, a person can suffer from NF and live a normal healthy life. If complications arise and aren't dealt with, then there is a slim possibility.

If you have NF, don't worry yourself at all. It is extremely likely you will live a normal expected life span.

Norepinephrine and epinephrine primarily bind to adrenergic receptors in the body, specifically alpha and beta adrenergic receptors. These receptors are part of the sympathetic nervous system and facilitate the body's "fight or flight" response.

Yes, there are two main types of synaptic plasticity: long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD). LTP strengthens synaptic connections, while LTD weakens them. These processes play a crucial role in learning and memory formation in the brain.

During the rising phase of an action potential, voltage-gated sodium channels open in response to a depolarizing stimulus. This allows sodium ions to rush into the cell, causing a rapid depolarization of the cell membrane. This results in the cell reaching its threshold and firing an action potential.

The normal size of the amygdala can vary among individuals, but it is typically around 1.5-2 centimeters in length. It is an almond-shaped structure located deep within the brain and is involved in processing emotions and memory. Variations in size can be influenced by factors such as age, gender, and overall brain size.

The most common human mistake is answering a question without actually knowing the answer. Also know as being too lazy to actually research the answer, or just being stupid. Stupidity is human kind's biggest mistake.

A neuron (nerve cell) receives dendritic input in order to generate action potentials to transmit signals of the same. After the action potential triggers release of neurotransmitters in the axonal terminal of that neuron, those neurotransmitters propagate the signal forward to the next neuron, and so forth.

Small foci of demyelination in both hemispheres of the brain can be caused by conditions such as acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), neuromyelitis optica (NMO), leukodystrophies, and infections like progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). These conditions can present with similar patterns of demyelination to multiple sclerosis (MS) but have distinct underlying causes and clinical features. A detailed evaluation by a neurologist and additional tests such as MRI, lumbar puncture, and blood tests are typically needed to differentiate between these conditions.

an action will happen cause of axo-axonal syanapse,which can facilitate the nerve impulse transmitting from presynaptic membrane to post synaptic membrane.

In the axo-axonal synapse one axon is secreting serotonin which can influence to close some of K+ channels in the other neuron to maintain a prolonged action potential by slowing down the repolarization.

as long as action potential is there it can stimulate the presynaptic membrane to release neurotransmitters towards postsyanptic membrane so prolonged action potential will help to stimulate more the Post synaptic membrane and give a strong impulse this is called presynaptic facilitation

Oscar Villadolid and Rafael Guerrero are fictional characters created by author Kerry Lonsdale, who feature in her novel "Last Summer". The story follows Oscar, a widower, and Rafael, his husband, as they face challenges such as grief and identity struggles. Their relationship is a central focus of the book.

The left hemisphere of the brain, particularly the areas known as the parietotemporal and occipitotemporal regions, are most closely related to dyslexia. These areas are involved in language processing, reading, and decoding skills, which are often impaired in individuals with dyslexia.

Dendrites are the branching structures that carry information toward the cell body of a neuron. They receive signals from other neurons and transmit them to the cell body for processing.

Sensory signals from the periphery travel through a series of neurons, starting with primary sensory neurons. These signals then synapse at different levels of the central nervous system, including the spinal cord, brainstem, thalamus, and finally reach the highest levels in the cerebral cortex where conscious perception occurs. The pathways include ascending tracts such as the spinothalamic tract for pain and temperature sensations and the dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway for touch and proprioception.

Accidents can happen due to various reasons such as illness, bowel control issues, or physical limitations. In such cases, it is important to seek medical advice to address any underlying health concerns and to discuss techniques for managing bowel movements effectively.

Multiple receptor subtypes allow for more "fine-tuned" neuromodulation of a given "signal" in a neural network. Each receptor subtype typically has a different binding affinity for the given neurotransmitter. Therefore, the neurotransmitter may bind more strongly or more weakly to one subtype over another.

This is most likely an effect of genetic variation, as the genes coding for the protein(s) present in the receptor slightly vary from subtype to subtype, yet still allow for binding by the neurotransmitter ligand.

The myelin sheath consists of tightly packed layers of cell membrane that insulate and protect nerve fibers. Its high lipid content allows for efficient transmission of electrical impulses along the nerve fibers by restricting ion flow across the cell membrane, which helps to maintain a consistent signal without loss of strength. This insulation allows the electrical impulse to travel more quickly down the nerve fiber.

Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals and information from the presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic neuron at the synapse. They bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, leading to changes in its membrane potential and triggering a new signal to be passed along the neural pathway. Some common neurotransmitters include acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate.

Retrobulbar neuritis is inflammation of the optic nerve behind the eyeball, leading to vision loss, usually in one eye. It is typically associated with multiple sclerosis or other demyelinating conditions. Treatment may involve corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and improve vision.