Biochemistry

Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase is the most similar to Pyruvate dehydrogenase because both are part of the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, involved in the citric acid cycle and share structural and functional similarities.

the RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter and transcribes the gene in messenger RNA, or mRNA

Temperature has the least direct effect on the rate of a hydrolytic reaction regulated by enzymes. Other factors like substrate concentration, enzyme concentration, and pH have a more direct impact on the rate of hydrolysis.

The two basic communities on Earth are terrestrial (land-based) communities and aquatic (water-based) communities. Terrestrial communities include forests, grasslands, deserts, and tundra, while aquatic communities include marine and freshwater ecosystems.

Mosquitoes are equipped with specialized mouthparts to prevent blood clotting while feeding. Their saliva contains anticoagulants that help maintain blood flow during feeding, regardless of the blood type. This enables them to efficiently ingest blood from various hosts without the risk of clotting.

Yes, fungi can grow in Cuba as they are found in various environments worldwide. The specific types of fungi that can be found in Cuba will depend on factors such as climate, habitat, and available nutrients.

Yes, sucrose can be autoclaved as it has a high thermal stability and does not readily decompose at typical autoclave temperatures (121°C). Autoclaving sucrose can effectively sterilize solutions or media containing it.

A lot of substances are made in cells:

ATP

O2

CO2

pyruvate

NADH/FADH2

RNA

mRNA, etc.

The compound C12H22O11 is the chemical formula for sucrose, which is table sugar. It consists of 12 carbon atoms, 22 hydrogen atoms, and 11 oxygen atoms.

yes,

you can evaporate your extract without using vacuum evaporator.

you simply put your liquid form extract in a half liter beaker and place it in hot water vessel (maintain temp. 40-45oC by using thermometer deep into extract) and then pass nitrogen gas over the beaker and stire properly till extraction process over.

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Triglycerides are the main form of lipids that provide the body with energy reserves. They are stored in adipose tissue and can be broken down into fatty acids and glycerol, which are then used by the body for energy production.

Maskin protein prevents eukaryotic mRNAs from being recruited to the ribosome prior to egg fertilization. In other words, maskin halts translation of certain mRNA until after fertilization.

In the 3' end of the mRNA there is an Untranslated Region (UTR) (often a rich A region) that does not code for amino acids of the protein. Instead regions of the UTR are binding sites for Cytoplasmic Poly A Element-Binding Protein (CPEB), which binds to maskin. (Other translation inhibitors have similar mechanisms.) This interaction acts to prevent assembly of translation of the mRNA initiation complex until after fertilization.

Upon fertilization, phosphorylation of CPEB causes it to undergo a conformational alteration and release from the UTR. Translation can then proceed.

Poly(A) binding protein (PBAP) is able to bind to the now open A-rich UTR. PBAP binds to the initiation factor eIF-4G, which is bound to eIF-4E, another initiation factor bound to the 5' cap on the 5' end of mRNA. This binding forms the characteristic loop structure of eukaryotic protein synthesis.

Sources:

Karp, Gerald C. Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments. edition 5

See the related link for further information.

Yes, glucose is expected to give a positive iodine test. Iodine reacts with glucose to form a blue-black color, indicating the presence of reducing sugars in the sample.

In the case of NaCl.the valency of sodium and chloride is two.so you dont have to specify it.but where as in Icl the valency different so you call it as iodine monochloride.to denote the presence of single chloride atom.

Sodium chloride is an ionic compound, so you don't write 'mono' 'di' 'tri' etc. in the name. MgCl2 would simply be magnesium chloride, not magnesium dichloride. Covalent compounds such as ICl sometimes have 'mono' 'di' or 'tri' in their name, but ionic compounds don't.

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Glucose is nonvolatile because it does not easily vaporize at room temperature and pressure. It remains in the liquid form unless heated to a high temperature where it can undergo thermal decomposition.

we found ZERO number of nucleotide in FMN.

The network of channels for collecting proteins is called the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Proteins are synthesized on the ribosomes located on the surface of the rough ER, then transported and modified within the ER before being further processed and packaged for secretion or delivery to different cellular compartments.

You would need five new 1.5 volt dry cells connected in series to the 9-volt lamp to obtain the brightest light. This would add up to 9 volts (1.5V x 5) in total, which is the correct voltage requirement for the lamp to shine at its brightest.

The 2nd and 3rd carbon in galactose are asymmetric because they are attached to four different groups or atoms, making them chiral centers. This asymmetry at these carbons gives rise to different stereoisomers of galactose.

Amino acids that make up the proteins that are enzymes.

Fats are a type of macromolecule known as lipids. Lipids are molecules composed predominantly of carbon and hydrogen, and they are hydrophobic in nature. Fats serve as a concentrated source of energy for the body and play a role in insulation and protection of organs.

Insulin is considered to be an antagonist of lipolysis. Insulin promotes the storage of fats by inhibiting the breakdown of fats (lipolysis) in adipose tissue.

A recombinant enzyme is an enzyme that has been produced through genetic engineering techniques by inserting the gene encoding the enzyme into a host organism, such as bacteria or yeast, to facilitate its production in large quantities. These enzymes often offer improved stability, efficiency, and specificity compared to their naturally occurring counterparts.

Hormone therapy can be very effective in managing symptoms associated with hormonal imbalances or conditions such as menopause, hypothyroidism, or gender transition. However, effectiveness can vary depending on the individual's response to treatment and the specific condition being treated. It is important to work closely with a healthcare provider to monitor progress and adjust treatment as needed.

A macromolecule that contains nitrogenous bases is DNA or RNA. These molecules are composed of nucleotide subunits that contain nitrogenous bases like adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, or uracil. Nitrogenous bases are essential for genetic information storage and transfer in living organisms.