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Caliphates
Caliphates were Middle Eastern community jurisdictions headed by a caliph, the civil and religious leader.
754 Questions
Iran
turkey & Iran
What is the meaning of Abbasid?
The Abbasids were an Arab dynasty descended from Abbas, uncle of Muhammad, who supplanted the Umayyads in ad 750.
What was the advantage of moving the Safavid capital city from Tabriz to Esfahan?
Because Esfahan is more centrally located than Tabriz.
The resistance of the luxurious lifestyle that the Umayyads promoted, shows that Muslims believed happiness came from different things. They believed that their paradise is in their after life.
The opposition to the Umayyads' lifestyle also developed in the cultural clash between the Arab Bedouin culture which promoted egalitarianism and retaining few possessions and the Byzantine and Sassanian cultures which were of a majestic, imperial nature. Most Muslims at the time associated Islam with the culture of the former and the Umayyads represented a continuation of the latter.
The statement is pretty self-explanatory. It means that initially the Abbasids took the power but within 150 years, their power had declined. As a result, local rulers who were previously controlled by the Abbasid king became free and so the rule of abbasid was broken and the power was split among the small local and tribal leaders.
Why was the Caliph Uthman disliked by so many Arabs?
Caliph uthman. Destroyed all variants of their holy book
How was the Safavid empire built?
shiism in the 10th/16th and 11th/17th century
in this period,ismail who was of the household of shaykh safi al-Din Ardaili(d.735/1334)a Sufi master and also a siite,begn a revolt in Ardabil,with three hundred Sufis who were disciples of his forefathers,with the aim of establishing an independent and powerful Shiite country. in this way,he begn the conquest of the Persia and overcme the local feudal princess.after the series of the bloody wars with ocal rulers and also the Ottomans who held the title of the caliph,he succeeded in forming Persia piece by piece into a country nd in making the shism the official religion in his kingdom.after the death of the Shah Ismail ,other Safavid kings reigned in Persia until the 12th/18th century and each continued to recognize shism as the official religion of the country and further to strengthen its hold upon this land.at the height of their power,during the reign of Shah Abbas,the Safavids were able to increase the territorial expansion and the population of Persia to twice its present size.as for other muslim lands.the Shiites popultions continued the same as before and increased only throough the natural growth of population
The last of the orthadox caliphs?
He is the fourth Caliph Ali Ibn Abou Taleb (Allah be pleased with him)
How does the Abbasid Caliphate represent a change in the characteristics of Muslim leadership?
The Abbassid Caliphate does not represent a shift in the method of Islamic Leadership. The shift occurred between the last Rightly-Guided Caliph, 'Ali, and the first Umayyad Caliph, Mu'awiya. The position of Caliph shifted from being the person most devoted to the religion to a hereditary role, palaces and traditional trappings of imperial life took hold, and the Caliphate was firmly divided into wilayat (provinces) under the control of the wali'in (governors).
The only major change in policy that occurred under the Abbassids was that Mawali (Non-Arab Muslims) were now equal to Arab Muslims in terms of rights and privileges.
What is the location of the Safavids?
The Safavid Empire was located in Persia, primarily covering modern-day Iran. It emerged in the early 16th century and lasted until the 18th century, establishing Twelver Shi'ism as the state religion. The empire's influence extended into parts of the Caucasus, Central Asia, and the Middle East. Its capital was initially in Tabriz, later moving to Isfahan, which became a cultural and architectural center.
After much dispute who became the first caliph?
After much dispute following the death of Prophet Muhammad in 632 CE, Abu Bakr was chosen as the first caliph. His selection was largely supported by a faction of the Muslim community, particularly those close to Muhammad. Abu Bakr's leadership helped to unify the Muslim community and laid the foundation for the expansion of the Islamic state. His caliphate lasted until his death in 634 CE.
Who was a caliph not related to Muhammad?
the reply depends on if a shia reply you or sunni
Shia and Sunni have mostly same beliefs and both believe in fundamental beliefs of Islam. Today there is up to 260 sects in Islam that are in two main categories of shia and sunni.
the conflict of shia and sunni has been always amplified by world Imperialism to prevent Islam from gaining power.
Shia believes in Allah, prophet and all fundamentals of Islam.
Shia pray 5 times a day but usually do the 2, 3 and 4, 5 pray together and so may seem they do only 3 pray a day. there is some differences in details of pray like genuflect (for shia should be on a stone or part of earth and for sunni on carpet or floor ).
shia believe after death of prophet God selected the successive for prophet who is the political leader of Muslim community and people can not and does not the right to selected it.
Shia believes the Caliph (Representative of God in earth) is selected only by God and can not be selected by people because God said in Koran: "Indeed, I will make upon the earth a successive authority" (Quran 2:30) or "O David! We did indeed make thee a vicegerent on earth" (Quran 38:26) also other verses.
Shia believes such verses means only God can select an Islamic political leader (Caliph).
In Shia Islam Caliphs after prophet are 12 Imams and all of them are the same and have no mistake and have the knowledge of everything (not absolute knowledge like knowledge of God) and they hear all sayings and even thinks of all humans after even after their death by permission of God and they are intermediates between God and human Shia Muslims always support them and forgive their lives for them.
Shia Muslims do not consider selection of Abubakr as Caliph by people valid because God did not select him. They believe God ordered prophet to declare people that Ali is selected as successor of prophet and prophet did this mission many times during his prophet-hood and mainly in Ghadir event after last Hajj of his life at a 3-4 hour speech in front of 120,000 Muslims at Ghadir in hot desert after 2 days stop of long caravan for gathering and 3 days after speech for congratulations and homage of Muslims to Ali. Islam at that time had high power in world and Some companions had high interest in leadership position after prophet. Muslims knew that it is the final Hajj of prophet (predicted by prophet) and were going along with prophet to hear what prophet says at end of his life. Shia believes Ghadir event is the most important event of Islam and is mentioned in Koran in many verses like "Today" (اليوم) in verse 5:3 of Quran is the day of Ghadir. Or Verse 5:67 (O Messenger! proclaim the (message) which hath been sent to thee from thy Lord. If thou didst not, thou wouldst not have fulfilled and proclaimed His mission. And Allah will defend thee from men (who mean mischief). For Allah guideth not those who reject Faith) is revealed at Ghadir day and is about declaring political leadership of Ali after prophet.
Both Sunni and Shia Muslims accept happening of Ghadir event But different interpret. Some Sunni writers tried to reject the event of Ghadir as declare of leadership of Ali and said at Ghadir prophet only wanted to say Ali is my friend and no one should bother him. Ali had 3 different missions to Yemen by prophet during 10 years and in 2 of them some companions of prophet had some conflicts with Ali and and prophet said some sayings about Ali to solve conflicts and some sunni writers have mixed stories of missions of Ali to Yemen with story of Ghadir to prove Ghadir event is not about Leadership of Ali and is not important.
Shia scholars believe some Sunni writers have changed and deviated historical evidences about political leadership of Ali in old historical books and republished them to destroy evidences of leadership of Ali from old Sunni books.
The famous Shia book Al-Ghadir (الغدير) by Allameh Amini is a collection of evidences and proofs for Ghadir Events written after referring to 100,000 Sunni books and full reading of 10,000 sunny books. Allameh Amini is a famous Shia scholar and spent 40 years of his life in travelling to access original old Sunni books in libraries in different countries to write this 20 volume book only from Sunni books and not using any Shia book. Some Sunni scholars tried to reply this book but then said if we want to reply this book we should first destroy all books of ourselves.
Shia doctrine have root in Karbala tragedy. When tragedy of Karbala happened most of Iranians understood there is two different kinds of Islam and after happening of Karbala tragedy most of Iranians became followers of "Ahl al-Bayt" and forgive their lives for them like what they did in Iranian Revolution and Iran-Iraq War. Shia Muslims have at least 120,000 Hadith (saying) from The Fourteen Infallibles that is the base of Shia Islam along with Quran. Shia believes according to " Hadith of the two weighty things" The Fourteen Infallibles are the only valid interpreters of Quran and sayings of them are from God because they are Representative of God in earth and they do not say anything from themselves. Shia believes 12th of them (Mahdi) is alive and because people have killed all 11 Imams before him, he is in hide like Jesus and will come out of hide toghether with Jesus when people become ready and want to accept his leadership. All 11 Imams have been killed and during their life thy all have been in prison or under hard control of government to not have any political action. They never had enough serious followers to can get political power. Among them only the sixth Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq was relatively free in his life to have only scientific activities (but banned from any political action) and so only he is known in west because he established university and had students from all over the world. Westerns know him as a polymath: an astronomer, alchemist, Imam, Islamic scholar, Islamic theologian, writer, philosopher, physician, physicist and scientist. He was also the teacher of the famous chemist, Jābir ibn Hayyān (Geber), and of Abū Ḥanīfa, the founder of the Hanafi school of Sunni Islamic jurisprudence. He never wanted be a famous man and only shared his knowledge with who wanted to learn. Some researchers consider his teachings the root cause of renaissance.
Sunni Muslims also accept Mahdi and his worldwide leadership as Caliph of God in earth at end of world. There is a famous Hadith from prophet Muhammad (PBUH) that Mahdi at hide is like sun behind cloud, he is hidden from people but people receive his benefits. Shia Muslims say some faithful believers have connection with Mahdi and use his knowledge. Shia Muslims believe that it is proved at least 1000 persons have had connection and talk with Mahdi during his hide period but Any one having relation with Mahdi keep it and does not declare it in public until is alive.
What changes did the Umayyads make during their rule?
1. Establishment of the first naval fleet in the Islamic era of Muawiya
2.Unification of the Islamic country's
3.putting dots in the quran , ex : ش س
4.Open India
5.Instrument of the Islamic Umayyad money
Also, see the link below.
