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Computer Programming
A category for questions about computer programming and programming languages.
10,506 Questions
Four basic instruction in C language?
They are 'statements' to speak strictly, they are:
Note:
How Do you Create Copy Protected CDs?
There is no such thing as a copy protected CD. You can certainly make it more difficult to copy, but never impossible to copy. Typically, the vendor has to break compliance with the CD standard by creating illegal tables of content, over-burning, inserting dummy sectors or bad sectors, and so on, all of which can lead to playback issues. Nevertheless, all forms of CD security can be circumvented via software, allowing anyone to make legal backups under the terms of fair-usage (laws may vary from territory to territory).
Assembly language program to convert 8 bit binary to ascii code?
BinarySearch proc ;params: array (of integers), length, target
push ebp
mov ebp, esp
mov ebx, [ebp + 8]
mov ecx, [ebp + 12]
xor edx, edx
dec ecx
jmp LoopCond
LoopStart:
mov eax, edx
add eax, ecx
shr eax, 1
push ecx
mov ecx, [ebp + 16]
cmp [eax * 4 + ebx], ecx
pop ecx
je Exit
jl UpperHalf
mov ecx, eax
dec ecx
jmp LoopCond
UpperHalf:
mov edx, eax
inc edx
LoopCond:
cmp ecx, edx
jge LoopStart
mov eax, -1
Exit:
pop ebp
ret
BinarySearch endp
A computer program that converts an entire program into machine language at one time is called?
A compiler.
Is Basic a low level language or high level?
Dual system 1 and 0
It can also depend what you mean by computer, and how deep you want to go. You can make a "Computer" with wood and strings, as proven by the Jaquard Loom. Hardware is key, no matter how basic. So, in theory (i guess) the Basic Language would be how the computer...works! If you want to go to the very basics.
Block Diagram of Microprocessor based system?
A computer can process data, pictures, sound and graphics. They can solve highly complicated problems quickly and accurately.
Input Unit:
Computers need to receive data and instruction in order to solve any problem. Therefore we need to input the data and instructions into the computers. The input unit consists of one or more input devices. Keyboard is the one of the most commonly used input device. Other commonly used input devices are the mouse, floppy disk drive, magnetic tape, etc. All the input devices perform the following functions.
- Accept the data and instructions from the outside world.
- Convert it to a form that the computer can understand.
- Supply the converted data to the computer system for further processing.
Storage Unit:
The storage unit of the computer holds data and instructions that are entered through the input unit, before they are processed. It preserves the intermediate and final results before these are sent to the output devices. It also saves the data for the later use. The various storage devices of a computer system are divided into two categories.
1. Primary Storage: Stores and provides very fast. This memory is generally used to hold the program being currently executed in the computer, the data being received from the input unit, the intermediate and final results of the program. The primary memory is temporary in nature. The data is lost, when the computer is switched off. In order to store the data permanently, the data has to be transferred to the secondary memory.
The cost of the primary storage is more compared to the secondary storage. Therefore most computers have limited primary storage capacity.
2. Secondary Storage: Secondary storage is used like an archive. It stores several programs, documents, data bases etc. The programs that you run on the computer are first transferred to the primary memory before it is actually run. Whenever the results are saved, again they get stored in the secondary memory. The secondary memory is slower and cheaper than the primary memory. Some of the commonly used secondary memory devices are Hard disk, CD, etc.,
Memory Size:
All digital computers use the binary system, i.e. 0's and 1's. Each character or a number is represented by an 8 bit code.
The set of 8 bits is called a byte.
A character occupies 1 byte space.
A numeric occupies 2 byte space.
Byte is the space occupied in the memory.
The size of the primary storage is specified in KB (Kilobytes) or MB (Megabyte). One KB is equal to 1024 bytes and one MB is equal to 1000KB. The size of the primary storage in a typical PC usually starts at 16MB. PCs having 32 MB, 48MB, 128 MB, 256MB memory are quite common.
Output Unit:
The output unit of a computer provides the information and results of a computation to outside world. Printers, Visual Display Unit (VDU) are the commonly used output devices. Other commonly used output devices are floppy disk drive, hard disk drive, and magnetic tape drive.
Arithmetic Logical Unit:
All calculations are performed in the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) of the computer. It also does comparison and takes decision. The ALU can perform basic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, etc and does logic operations viz, >, <, =, 'etc. Whenever calculations are required, the control unit transfers the data from storage unit to ALU once the computations are done, the results are transferred to the storage unit by the control unit and then it is send to the output unit for displaying results.
Control Unit:
It controls all other units in the computer. The control unit instructs the input unit, where to store the data after receiving it from the user. It controls the flow of data and instructions from the storage unit to ALU. It also controls the flow of results from the ALU to the storage unit. The control unit is generally referred as the central nervous system of the computer that control and synchronizes its working.
Central Processing Unit:
The control unit and ALU of the computer are together known as the Central Processing Unit (CPU). The CPU is like brain performs the following functions:
• It performs all calculations.
• It takes all decisions.
• It controls all units of the computer.
A PC may have CPU-IC such as Intel 8088, 80286, 80386, 80486, Celeron, Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV, Dual Core, and AMD etc.
What is compaction in data structure?
The process of moving all marked nodes to one end of memory and all available memory to other end is called compaction. Algorithm which performs compaction is called compacting algorithm.
How can you mask your password when typing in a batch file?
Natively, you can't replace characters typed into a batch file from the keyboard with asterisks or any other character to mask what is being typed. You will have to download a special program and run that alongside CMD.exe in order to have this functionality.
Examples of artificial intelligence languages?
If I said Google is an example of AI there might be some people who will directly disagree but it depends at what degree of relation with AI an example is put forward.
Any software taking its foundations and having techniques of solving issues that are considered to related with AI can be an example of AI.
For instance:
Search Engines ( Google , Bing , Yahoo Search ) all use NLP ( Natural Language Processing ) - Hence are examples of AI
Virtual Assistants - Siri, Google Now , S-Voice - Are developed by their respective companies for assisting users in their day to day task
Chatbots ( ALICE ) - And many others are examples of AI which are enabled to carry on with a conversation started by a user by retrieving answers from static database of pre-stored answers.
It must be noted, however, statistical applications such as Google Translate or simple NLP-like applications such as those used by popular search engines, chat bots or virtual assistance are not commonly regarded as tools or evidence for artificial intelligence. These tools are based on (highly intelligent application of) statistical methods and complex sets of rules, not based on systems which take free decisions based on prior learning.
What are the basic principles of oops?
Oops! What an excellent concept. Nowadays in software filed any latest language has implemented, it should be partially are fully supported this oops concept. OOPs, let c with real time examples. Six important factors are using this concept are,
- Class, 2.Objects, 3.Abstractions, 4.Encapsulation, 5.Polymorphism, and 6.Inheritance.
1. Car Vs Class
Car: Collection of several properties like staring, break, clutch, etc each things are used for particular purpose, all these properties are differ from each car like some car have power staring ,however we have called it's a car.
Class: it's a collection of functions and variables. The functions and variables are differing from each class. Each function is used for particular purpose however we have called it's a class
2. Car Key Vs Object
Car Key: key is used for run the car. So many dummy keys can use for run a car.
Object: Object is used for run the class or invokes the class. So many objects can create for a single class.
3. Birds Vs Abstractions
Birds: we invented flight based on the mechanism of Birds. So flight is derived form the base of birds.
Abstraction: Abstraction is a way to remove the association of the behavior of an object with the actual details behind the scenes which implement that object's behavior. This 'abstraction' is usually accomplished through the use of base classes with virtual functions; each derived function provides the details that implement the behavior behind that abstraction.
4. Pen Vs Encapsulation
Pen: Ink is the important component in pen but it is hiding by some other material
Encapsulation: is a process of binding or wrapping the data and the codes that operates on the data into a single entity. This keeps the data safe from outside interface and misuse. One way to think about encapsulation is as a protective wrapper that prevents code and data from being arbitrarily accessed by other code defined outside the wrapper.
5. Crocodile Vs Polymorphism
Crocodile: live indifferently on land or in the water. In water it's Moment very fast compare to land. An animal lives in different character in different place.
Polymorphism: a single function or single operator has different character in different place.
6. Human heredity Vs Inheritance
Human heredity:
Importance of computer laboratory to students?
A teacher can use a computer in a classroom to input grades, and calculate students averages. They can also be used along with a projector to show things up on a screen in the room, and they can be used to find interesting assignments on the internet.
C comes from B & B comes from BCPL........... TO overcome the problems of BCPL they developed B (First char of BCPL)....& B also has some disadvantages so they go for next level i.e, B's next Letter .........:::::::C ..........then v called it as C language. C comes from B & B comes from BCPL........... TO overcome the problems of BCPL they developed B (First char of BCPL)....& B also has some disadvantages so they go for next level i.e, B's next Letter .........:::::::C ..........then v called it as C language.
/*implementing two stacks in 1 array*/ #include #include #include int size,top1=-1,top2,a[100]; void push(); void pop(); void peep(); void main() { int i,ch; char c='y'; clrscr(); printf("\Enter size:"); scanf("%d",&size); top2=size; while(c=='y') { clrscr(); printf("\n ###### MENU #####\n"); printf("\n1: push"); printf("\n2: pop"); printf("\n3: peep"); printf("\n4: exit") ; printf("\n Enter choice:"); fflush(stdin); scanf("%d",&ch); switch(ch) { case 1:push(); break; case 2:pop(); break; case 3:peep(); break; case 4:exit(0); default:printf("\n wrong choice"); } printf("\n Another operation(y/n):"); fflush(stdin); scanf("%c",&c); } exit(0); getch(); } void push() { int item,ch; if(top1+1==top2) { printf("stack is full "); printf("\n cant push "); } else { printf("\nEnter item to be inserted:"); scanf("%d",&item); printf("\n enter choice(1 for stack1 else stack2):"); scanf("%d",&ch); if(ch==1) { top1++; a[top1]=item; } else { top2--; a[top2]=item; } } } void pop() { int ch; printf("\n Enter from which stack u want to pop(1 for stack1/else stack2):"); scanf("%d",&ch); if(ch==1) { if(top1==-1) printf("\n cant delete from stack 1 its empty"); else printf("\n item deleted is:%d" ,a[top1--]); } else { if(top2==size) printf("\n cant delete from s2its empty"); else printf("\n item deleted is: %d" ,a[top2++]); } } void peep() { int i; printf("\n stck 1:" ); for(i=0;i=top2;i--) printf(" %d",a[i]); }
What is the definition of multimedia?
Multimedia or multiple media is the ability of something to reproduce or record multiple media at a given time. Audios, Videos, Interactive websites are few examples of media and while any of these two combine they for a multimedia source. While computer or any hand held device is capable of play videos audios and more they are termed as multimedia devices.
The coming together of different media (to present information in an easily understood and appealing manner) is called multimedia. Literally, many media.
A better answer can be ...
Multimedia is the field concerned with the computer-controlled integration of text, graphics, drawings, still and moving images (Video), animation, audio, and any other media where every type of information can be represented, stored, transmitted and processed digitally.
Multimedia includes a combination of text, audio, still images, animation, video, and interactivity content forms. Interactive is one of the key feature of multimedia. The User determines what content is delivered, when it is delivered and how. Multimedia presentations can be live or recorded. A recorded presentation may allow interactivity via a navigation system. A live multimedia presentation may allow interactivity via an interaction with the presenter or performer.
Multimedia represents the convergence of text, pictures, video and sound into a single form. The power of multimedia and the Internet lies in the way in which information is linked.
#Ashook Ashook
How can friend function be implemented?
All class member functions have the following qualities:
1. Private access to the class members.
2. Scoped to the class.
3. Has an implicit 'this' pointer.
Static member functions only have the first two qualities while friend functions only have the first quality.
Friend functions must be defined outside of the class in which they are declared a friend -- only the function prototype is required in the friend declaration.
What are the Advantages and disadvantages of geographical structures?
advantages are
local management help the organization to take decisions about local market.
ability to quickly adopt changes in divisional goals.
local customers feel ease while speaking to local representatives.
easy tracking the performance of individual market and work group.
disadvantages are..
conflict and unhealthy competition between different areas.
difficult to be consistent in core company beliefs.
does not allow centralized decision making.
business owners rely on other individuals for decisions about market.
Object files are intermediate files generated when an application is constructed from source code. In a classic compile-assemble-link toolchain, the compiler translates (C language) source code into assembly language output. The assembler translates this intermediate assembly source into a binary form known as object code. Files containing object code often have a .o or .obj file name extension and are generally called object files. The linker takes the object files and combines them into the complete executable.
While many modern tools hide the individual steps, or even integrate compilation and assembly into one, most (all?) compilers generate object files.
In very broad terms a compiler takes input in some computer programming language and converts it to a form that can be executed by a processor.
Generally there are four main phases
- Lexical analysis
- Syntax analysis
- Code generation
- Linking
Lexical analysis takes the input and converts it to a stream of "tokens" which stand for things like reserved words, numbers or symbols from the language in which the original program was written.
Syntax analysis takes the tokens and does two things: verifies that the stream of tokens conforms to the rules of the programming language, and builds a tree structure that represents what the program is doing.
Code generation takes the tree structure and generates executable machine code (or virtual machine code for virtual machines such as Java).
Linking takes the generated code and combines it with other compiled modules and/or run-time libraries to produce a final executable file or "image".
At some stages code optimisation may be done by some compilers.
What was Fortran designed for?
Because it is one of the fundamental languages of computer programming. It teaches us how we think, but in a computer.
The robots in industry can help reduce manufacturing cost, increase efficiency and productivity as well as standardising goods to the same quality for a long period of time continuously. Human labour can also be prevented for boring, repetitive and dangerous tasks, and is only necessary for making initiative decisions such as quality control.
What kind of jobs and employment does Cobol offer?
A worker with knowledge and experience of Cobol can find employment as a computer programmer. A job available to someone with more experience and a mastery of Cobol would be in maintaining mainframe computers.
What is mining Spanning Tree algorithm?
It prevents loops in a switched network with redundant paths.
Xra a [(making the accumulator zero) or you can also write
mvi a,00 but will probably take more t-states]
lxi h dooo(can be any other address)give the range(n)
mov b,m
mvi c,01
again: add c
inr c
dcr b
jnz again [loop]
inx h
mov m,a
hlt
Write an assembly language program to convert lowercase to uppercase?
inc bx ; next char.
loop upper_case
; int 21h / ah=09h - output of a string at ds:dx.
; string must be terminated by '$' sign.
lea dx, string+2
mov ah, 09h
int 21h
jmp start ; loop
; wait for any key press....
mov ah, 0
int 16h
null:
ret
