Electronics Engineering

Mini projects that deal with fuzzy logic and programming with the latest tools such as Cadence, Matlab etc. are some common fields. Projects that involve new ideas and innovative technology will also be useful.

Bifurcation is a term used in law. It's the judge's ability in law to divide a trial into two parts.

No, batteries contain plates or layers of two different metals (or metallic compounds) with an acidic or alkaline conductive electrolyte between them. Usually, the only part that is made from oil is the plastic case around the whole thing.

THIS CONSIDERATIONS SHOULD BE STRICKLY FOLLOWED: SOUND ENGINEERING AND ACCEPTABLE ECONOMICS; 1.DEFINE DEMAND LOAD - BASED ON ACTUAL SYSTEM VOLTAGE AND PHASE. 2. ONE WAY LENGTH OF CABLE - FT. (AWG) OR MTR. (SQ.MM) SELECTION 3. MULTIPLY BY 125% TO THE CALCULATED LINE CURRENT TO GET AMPACITY REFERENCE 4. LOOK OR SELECT THAT NEAREST RESULT TO ANY LOCAL MEDIUM VOLTAGE CABLE SUPPLIER CATALOGUE OR NEC TABLES AND MATCH IT TO CORRESPONDING CABLE SIZE. 5. APPLY DERATING FACTORS - ALSO AVAILABLE TO NEC OR CABLE SUPPLIERS AND DEFINE THE FF: A. MEDIUM OF INSTALLATION - TRANSMISSION TOWER, PVC OR RSC CONDUIT, CABLE TRAY OR CABLE LADDER OR TRUNKING, THROUGH, ETC. B. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE - INDOOR OR OUTDOOR? C. GROUP FACTOR - CONSIST OF CABLE SPACING AND DISTANCE TO WALL OR INSIDE CONDUIT INSTALLED IN TRAYS OR UNDERGROUND 6. APPLY DERATION IN WHICH RESULT IS LESS THAN ONE (1) TO THE PRE-SELECTED CABLE - THIS IS NOW YOUR ACTUAL FOR SELECTED CABLE 7. DEFINE REQUIRED OR ACCEPTED VOLTAGE DROP IN PERCENT VALUE 8. NOW USE THIS FORMULA: VDapp(APPLICABLE VOLTAGE DROP) = %Voltage Drop x Actual Voltage x 1000 divided by Derated Current x One Way Length x 100 9. THE RESULT WILL HAVE A UNIT OF -- mV/A.Mtr OR MILLIVOLT PER AMPERE-METER 10. NOW COMPARE IT TO AVAILABLE TABLES FOR VOLTAGE DROPS OF CABLES - IF IT IS LOWER THEN SELECT THE NEXT SIZE OR WHICH EVER MEET THE REQUIREMENT.

Same as the "regular" radar, except that the receiver is a bit different. In regular radar, the receiver looks for the returning signal on the frequency the transmitted pulse was sent out. Yes, it sees" Doppler shifted signals, but with decreasing sensitivity. And it does little with them but combine them with the signal on the frequency of the transmitted pulse. With Doppler radar, the receiver looks for a "band" or group of frequencies around the frequency at which the transmitted pulse was sent out. These "nearby" frequencies represent returns from materials or substances that are moving relative to the transmitter (toward or away from it). And the receiver works with a microprocessor based "analyzer" to paint a picture based on those returning signals that are near the frequency of the transmitted signal and not right on it. Basically, radar has a transmitter, the waveguide to the antenna, the antenna itself, and the receiver. The receiver is plumbed into the same waveguide the transmitter is connected to, but there is a junction (like a "T") where the transmitter and receiver are connected that is capable of directing the transmitted signal out along the waveguide and keeping it from going into the receiver, and then allowing the returned signal to get to the receiver without being "lost" by going back into the transmitter. There is a control system and a display system associated with the equipment as well. Just as one might expect.

Yes, standard 5V powered DTL and TTL devices are fully input/output logic level and fanout compatible. However DTL chips are nearly impossible to find today. The only thing to be careful about is old DTL based designs often used wired-and gates (i.e. directly tying outputs of several gates together to reduce part count). You cannot do this with normal TTL!

IF USING A COPPER AT 105 DEG. CELSIUS - 70 FT. ONE-WAY LENGTH: TO GET AT VOLTAGE DROP = 3.72% AT 25 AMP LOAD ---- USE #1 AWG TO GET AT VOLTAGE DROP = 2.94% AT 25 AMP LOAD ---- USE #1/0 AWG TO GET AT VOLTAGE DROP = 1.85% AT 25 AMP LOAD ---- USE #3/0 AWG

Inductive load will accumulate stored energy. If an attempt is made to open the switch this energy will arc across the contacts of the switch, and could cause damage to the circuit components. Freewheeling diodes are placed across inductive loads to provide a path for the release of energy stored in the load when the load voltage drops to zero.

The bandwidth is the difference between the frequencies at which the average power dissipated is one half the maximum value or current is 1/square root(2) times its maximum value.

One frequency is greater than and the other is smaller than resonant frequency and they are symmetrical about it.

If the EBJ is forward baise and the CBJ is reverse baised then the transistor will in the active/forward mode of operation.

I can't give you a for-sure answer, but Cree LEDs are some of the most efficient out there.

the heated rear screen circuit has a higher resistance compared to the side light circuit

Sample size calculations for a continuous outcome require specification of the anticipated variance; inaccurate specification can result in an underpowered or overpowered study. For this reason, adaptive methods whereby sample size is recalculated using the variance of a subsample have become increasingly popular. The first proposal of this type (Stein, 1945, Annals of Mathematical Statistics 16, 243-258) used all of the data to estimate the mean difference but only the first stage data to estimate the variance. Stein's procedure is not commonly used because many people perceive it as ignoring relevant data. This is especially problematic when the first stage sample size is small, as would be the case if the anticipated total sample size were small. A more naive approach uses in the denominator of the final test statistic the variance estimate based on all of the data. Applying the Helmert transformation, we show why this naive approach underestimates the true variance and how to construct an unbiased estimate that uses all of the data. We prove that the type I error rate of our procedure cannot exceed alpha.

Double and multiple sampling plans were invented to give a questionable lot another chance. For example, if in double sampling the results of the first sample are not conclusive with regard to accepting or rejecting, a second sample is taken. Application of double sampling requires that a first sample of size n1 is taken at random from the (large) lot. The number of defectives is then counted and compared to the first sample's acceptance number a1 and rejection number r1. Denote the number of defectives in sample 1 by d1 and in sample 2 by d2, then:

If d1 a1, the lot is accepted.

If d1 r1, the lot is rejected.

If a1 < d1 < r1, a second sample is taken.

If a second sample of size n2 is taken, the number of defectives, d2, is counted. The total number of defectives is D2 = d1 + d2. Now this is compared to the acceptance number a2 and the rejection number r2 of sample 2. In double sampling, r2 = a2 + 1 to ensure a decision on the sample.

If D2 a2, the lot is accepted.

If D2 r2, the lot is rejected.

Combi Switch (combination switch) is the stalk switch used in automobiles for controlling many functions like Head lamp, turn indicator, high beam flash, cruise control, wipe and wash etc.

Windows and all of your general applications are stored onto your HardDrive. The only thing stored on your Motherboard will be the very Basic Input/Output Software. Bios for short. This is the simplist of software that allows the computer to understand what it is and begin reading more commands, such as windows software and then begin to boot up.

Because the windings of transformers have resistance, the primary and secondary currents will cause voltage drops. To compensate for the drops, the transformer may have been designed to have a higher than specified output voltage when there is little or no output current.

The no load output voltage typically is only slightly greater than the specified voltage.

Before measuring the output voltage, measure the input (line) voltage. If it is not as specified for the transformer, calculate its effect on the output.

Wavelet tree is recursively built applying decomposition and approximation filter only to the (father wavelet) approximation filter output at each step (or level).

Wavelt packets, instead, are constructed by applying both filters to approximation and decomposition filter output resulting in a 2^(n+1)+1 nodes with respect to 2(n+1)+1 nodes of standard discrete wavelet tree

Eniac didn't have any transistors. It was built with 17,468 vacuum tubes, 7,200 crystal diodes, and a whole host of other components. But no transistors.

The first transistor was created in November, 1947, almost two years after Eniac was completed.

A vacuum tube is simply a tube with no oxygen nor carbon dioxide in it (aka no air).

A split ring is a name for a ring of spring steel that is made like two turns of a regular spring wound very closely. Usually they are large and used to hold keys together, so they are commonly thought of as key rings.

There is also a smaller version of this used in jewelry to attach chains and pendants.

It's easy enough to do. Go to Google.com and in the search window, just type in the number of the transistor. The look for the best price on the actual part or a suggested substitute. This method works for IC's, capacitors and a whole list of other parts.

There are many types of Resistors , which can be classified in many ways.

The fundamental classification is based on the Power Handling Rating , which breaks up into Power Resistors & Low power resistors.

Power Resistors can handle large Powers & Currents. These are generally made

of High Resistance alloys like Nichrome , which are used in heaters , toasters etc. Some types of small power resistors are also used in electronic circuits which handle large currents like in power supplies etc. Infact the incandescent lamp is a special form of power resistor.

Low power resistors are usually used in electronic circuitry , which again have different power capacity ratings usually less than 1watt to small surface mounted devices which are rated for few tenths of milliwatts.

Another important classification is based on the stability of the resistor material & hence its ohmic values. Such resistors are used for precision applications like measuring circuits , meters etc.

Then there are specialised forms of clasification depending on application e.g

Positive & Negative Temeprature coefficient resistors ( Thermistors ) are used for temperature sensing , Voltage Dependent resistors are used in protection circuitry, High Voltage resistors are used where requires for high voltage

( kilovolts ) electronic circuitry like X Ray , Laser & Electrostatic Power supplies.

The resistance is equally proportionate to "r" in the case that it is above 1. Assuming "r" is greater than 1, the resistance is 4/3 multiplied by omega (the equal proportionate value for mass times ohms).

If "r" is less than or equal to 1, there is no resistance.