History of Islam

Palestine was first conquered by Muslims led by General Khalid al-Waleed under the banner of Caliph Omar in 634 C.E. With the exception of about a century of the Crusader Kingdoms, Palestine was under Islamic control until 1919 C.E. when it came under British control. Once Palestine was controlled by Muslims, who used discriminatory practices to promote Islam, large sections of the population converted.

The first incursions by Islamic forces into Egypt occurred in 639 C.E. and the final conquest of Morocco finished around 680 C.E., so it took roughly 40 YEARS.

Mecca fell to the invasions of Ottoman Sultan Selim I Yavuz in 1517, in the aftermath of a wider invasion of the Hejaz territory.

Islamic States, like Christian States, are ruled by different individuals with various different motivations and desires to maintain power and control in a local sense. As a result, they would consistently avoid uniting, preferring to combat each other for greater local power.

Yes. Many times and in many places. When Spain was conquered, the Muslims were forced to accept Christianity or leave Spain. Thousands of Muslims were killed who refused to quit Islam. It also happens in India.

The Abbassid Caliphate contracted in two general phases. The first phase was from 750 CE to 850 CE which led to the loss of the distant provinces in Spain, Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. The second phase occurred from 1100-1258 CE which resulted in the capitulation of the entire state.

Abbassid Caliphate Contraction in the First Phase
The reasons that Abbassid territory diminished between 750 to 850 CE, fracturing into the Umayyads (Spain), Idrissids (Morocco), Aghlabids (Algeria, Tunisia, Sicily), and other smaller states.

1) Religious Issues: The Abbassids came to power with the help of the Shiites and Mawali (Non-Arab Moslems like Persians and Amazigh). Even though the Abbassids did increase the rights and station of Mawali, it was never practical nor desirable for the Abbassids to become Shiite. As a result, he alienated much of North Africa, which at this time had a large Shiite and Kharijite population. (The Kharijites would have been alienated anyway as they were a very religious minority.)

2) Distance: There were no effective routes of communication between the Western Edges of the Caliphate and Baghdad. This made local administrators more powerful as they would have to make their own decisions anyway (it would take too long for a messenger to go to Baghdad and return). Many figured that they might as well make the change more permanent.

3) Political Issues: This refers specifically to Umayyad Spain which was the only part of the Umayyad Caliphate that never became Abbassid when Abu Al-Abbas As-Saffah rose against the Umayyads. As a result of the uprising, Amir Abd El-Rahman fled to Spain and set it up as a Caliphate in opposition to the Abbassids.

The Fall of the Abbassid Caliphate
The reasons for the eventual fall of the Abbassid Caliphate which occurred in 1100-1258 CE are the following.

1) Corruption: The Abbassid Caliphate had become one of the richest and most prosperous states in the world at that time, changing its leadership from honest brokers of power (Amir al-Mu'aminin - Prince of the Believers used to actually mean something) to individuals more concerned with money. This created strong resentment from those who were outside of the Abbassid purview.

2) Mawali Inclusion: The Abbassids were an Arab Caliphate (as opposed to the Samanids who were a Persian Caliphate) and were expected by many Arabs to treat other Arabs better than the Mawali. However, the Abbassids consistently treated Persians equal to or better than their Arab brethren which created animosity and a sense of betrayal. Many Arabs saw the Persians as the major backers of the Caliphate and that they were a tool for Persian interests. It was also perceived that the Persians were first servants to the caliphs but climbed way up the social ladder to a place they did not belong.

3) Turkish Armies: Armies like the Mamluk (who were retained by the Abbassids for the defense of the Caliphate) were Turks who defended an Arab State. Beginning in this period, they began to realize that they had the capacity to create their own states considering how vast their powers were as a military. This idea also came to the fore for Turks outside of the Caliphate. As a result, there were Mamluk uprisings, Seljuq attacks, and other Turkish Armies turning against Baghdad.

4) Rise of the Mongols: Hülegü Khan put the final nail in the coffin by massacring Baghdad and a number of Persian cities when he conquered the territory for the Great Khanate.

YES. While there were individual victories by the Meccan Forces led by Abu Sufyan, such as the Battle of Uhud, the overall war was won by Muhammad and the Muslims and finished by the Islamic Conquest of Mecca in 630 C.E. Abu Sufyan and the Meccan opposition converted to Islam and the Arab vassals of Mecca switched their loyalty to Muhammad.

Salahuddin Ayyubi was a great warrior. He was the king of Egypt. He conqured Syria, Yemen, Hijaz and North Africa. He defeated the Crusaders at the Battle of Hattin in 1187 AD and recaptured Jerulasem that the Crusaders had captured 88 years ago. He is considered one of the greatest Muslim Generals.

The dominant reason for Morocco's invasion of the Songhai Empire was to dominate the Trans-Saharan Salt-for-Gold Trade. The Songhai Empire was wealthy with gold, and this attracted the Moroccans. While the Songhai military was very skilled, it was no modernized, allowing Moroccan armies using firearms to overrun the empire in 1591.

It is worth noting that there was never a motive of conversion since both Morocco and the Songhai Empire were Sunni Islamic States and that the Songhai had been largely peaceful towards the Moroccans prior to the invasion.

Palestine was under the control of various Islamic Empires from 634 C.E. to 1917 C.E. with the exception of 200 years of Crusader States from 1100-1300. However, Palestine was never organized as a single governate nor was it a regional hub under any Islamic Empire. It was considered a regional backwater.

Apples and oranges.

While Taliban terrorist and much of the Third Reich's Wehtrmacht were true believers, and such groups are difficult to defeat, short of total annihilation, the two groups share little other similarities.

Keep in mind the lessons learned by the organized fighting forces of the world when they've faced groups that fight almost exclusively by guerilla tactics: unless you kill every last one, eradicate the whole infestation, they will survive to thrive elsewhere.

The Muslims had conquered many modern countries by that point including parts of Libya, Egypt, Israel, Palestine, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iraq, Iran, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, UAE, Qatar, and Bahrain.

See the Related Link for a map.

FALSE.

The history of Islam sorely contradicts this assertion. While the Islamic Holy Books were less susceptible to corruption (because of the shorter delay between revelation and transcription), Islamic History was not. One of the clearest ways to note the disagreement between Muslims on early history is to evaluate the process where isnads were judged to be sahih, hassan, or da'if. Some authors, like Bukhari and Al-Muslim had their traditions well-known and established. Other authors were considered unreliable. For example, Al-Waqidi wrote both about Mohammed's military campaigns and made a hadith collection, long before Bukhari and Al-Muslim. While his historical recountings of the ghazawat and the major battles (like Badr, etc.) are considered very accurate, most Islamic scholars criticized his hadith choices since he selected his hadiths prior to Al-Madani establishing the rule of sahih, hassan, and da'if (20 years after Al-Waqidi's passing). Ibn Hanbal and Shafi'i both called Al-Waqidi a liar due to their disagreement with his hadiths even though both of them referred often to his battle-information. Of course, between Sunnis and Shiites there is an even wider gulf between the accepted Hadith, especially as concerns the events in Ghajar. The difference between the Sunni and Shiite understandings and Hadith used to describe the events in Ghajar was one of the main causes of the early wars and disagreements between them. According to the Shiites, it was here that Mohammed selected Ali as his successor, probably his most important act in life aside from his relationship with God. According to Sunnis, Mohammed praised Ali, but did not give him any appointments. This is a huge distinction.

If we move the clock forward and look at Ibn Rushd and Ibn Khaldun, we see Muslims being the first people to discuss the idea of historiography which is the idea that history study of the methodology and development of history. Ibn Rushd strongly criticized those who accepted history as taught and for failing to question prior events. Ibn Khaldun postulated that different people in different times should be evaluated according to the conditions in which they lived as opposed to a heightened morality or ethos of today. Both were critical of the past that was told to them. Ibn Khaldun, in particular, became a celebrated historian and historiographer in modern Europe and his critical view of history became the basis for the modern discipline of historiography, which is now taught in almost all Western Universities. In short, criticizing, reviewing, and changing history is not only part of Islamic culture, but was an outgrowth of Islamic culture and not an import from elsewhere.

Razia Sultana was a brave Queen of India. She was the daughter of Sultan Altutmish, it should be noted however that she had little to do with the history of Islam

He was respected because he honoured his treaties, opening up Jerusalem to Christian pilgrims and showing at time great mercy. Though this high standard slipped when he was faced Richard the Lion Heart.

To try to make a truce between Muslims and Christians in Jerusalem, and cause a rift between Saladin and his brother.

The Arabs were successful because they had patience and belief which guided them to the right path. Moreover, they are also very brave, well armed and skilful fighters; second reason might be when they fought and they died, and they'll go to heaven; and the last reason is because the more land that they conquered, the moremoney that they can paid to the soldiers, and more soldiers will fight for them. So this is why they are succesful.

Mughal empire , but it was not completely Islamic .

the government in Afghanistan was simply unorganized, and the people did not respond to the governments orders. it is also a country blinded by strong religious beliefs. God is their leader, not their president. a perfect place to hide terrorists.

The three biggest sites of Islamic Architecture and History in Spain are Seville, Cordoba, and Granada.

Muslim mathematicians are responsible for introducing our number system. That is why we call them Arabic numerals. They developed the concept of zero as a value, the decimal system, arithmetic operations, exponentiation and square root determination. and various concepts such as proof by mathematical induction

A lot of work was also done in algebra and geometry, trigonometry and more.

He contributed to Islamic civilisation in the form of poetry, specifically the Rubiyat (Quatrains) for which he is most famous. He was also a famous Mathematician.

Muslims, Christians, and Jews worshiped the same God. Islam teachings require no compulsion in religion and require respect of all human faiths and beliefs. In addition, Muslims believe in all God prophets (including Moses and Jesus and Muhammad; Peace be upon them) and believe in all God holy books (including Torah, the Bible, and Quran).

Isabel I, Queen of Castile and Leon, and Ferdinand II, King of Aragon, were the monarchs that finished the reconquest of Spain.