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History of the Middle East

Located at the juncture of Asia, Africa and Europe, the Middle East has been one of the centers of ancient civilization. Today it continues its historic significance as it provides much of the world's energy through its oil resources.

5,104 Questions

Why did Osama bin Laden choose to start Al-Qaeda?

Osama Bin Laden started Al Qadea to oppose the soviet occupation of Afghanistan during the 1980s. It was originally a jihad against the USSR supported by the CIA. After the soviets withdrew and the Saudis allowed the US to use bases in Saudi Arabia against Saddam Hussein in the first gulf war, he perceived this as sacrilege because Saudi Arabia was home to Mecca and Medina the two holiest sites in Islam and the Saudi Royals allowed the US non Muslim "infidels" onto holy land, he then saw the US to be a new threat as the soviet one faded away and redirected al qadea against the US and her allies in the middle east.

How did the arabs make the empire prosperous?

Islam spread through means of commerce and education whereby non-Muslims learned of the faith and adopted as their own amidst business dealings with Muslims moving along the major trade routes. Islam, as a religion, claims salvation for all people in all places, making the religion very attractive, especially to people born into low castes and bad economic positions. They also saw the Muslim morality as being desirable.

When did Israel come into existence?

The modern state of Israel was created in 1948, the UN had planned to make two separate states one for the Jews and one for the Palestinians with Jerusalem under the control of the United Nations, but when the British pulled out, the Jews declared the state of Israel and the Palestinians never got their country.

The Palestinians never took the oppurtunity which was given to both the Jews and the Palestinians because they did not recognize Israel's right to exist. They wanted all of the land and therefore would not settle for anything less. They also could have had their country in the years 1949-1967 but did not want it then either.

The Jews have had a presence in this land for 3,000 years. While many Jews have not lived there the entire time, there has always been a presence in the land.

Are Arabs and Iraqis the same?

Iraqis are made up of several different ethnic groups, with the overwhelming majority being Arabized Mesopotamians. They are genetically distinct from the Arabian Arabs of the Arabian peninsula and maintain consanguinity with the inhabitants of Babylon and Assyria. The only reason they're labeled Arabs is because they speak the Arabic language which was introduced to Mesopotamia during the Islamic conquest in the 7th century.

Minorities of Iraqis are from other ethnic groups, such as Kurds, Assyrians, Chaldeans, Alevis, Turcoman (also spelled Turkmen), Azeris, Yazidis, Shabakis, Mandeans, and Persians, and there used to be an Iraqi Jewish population before the 1970s.

What are the advantages to the invention of writing?

It helps communicate our ideas to a vast majority of people and to make it private

What was the land between the Tigris and Euphrates river known as?

between the Tigris and Euphrates riversis ancient Mesopotamia.

The answer above is correct, but another name for the civilization of Mesopotamia is the Fertile Crescent.

Where does the epic of Gilgamesh take place?

Answer: gilgamesh locationssince king gilgamesh is supposed to have reigned in uruk and many locations are spread through today's irak, syria, Lebanon and turkey, it's possibly been written within that region. starting from ancient sumer, through akkad, assur and further to the west. the mountain forests mentioned in the confrontation with humbaba are probably those in southern and eastern turkey.

in gilgamesh, there are many references to events that also took place in the bible as well as other stories and legends. so you'd have to specify your question by actually asking about a specific event in the epic as they are all spread out throughout the middle-eastern region

Were the Arabs betrayed?

This question as posed is incredibly nebulous. It does not give a timeframe nor does it mention an acting party. As it is written, the answer is yes, if only because every single nation or political grouping has been betrayed at some point by some individual.

With respect to Arab history, there is no proportionally greater amount of betrayal than any other ethnic/political group of similar size. Arabs were betrayed by Other Arabs nearly as often as they were betrayed by Foreign Powers.

One of the most common examples of Arab on Arab betrayal was when Muawiya the Governor of Syria (and eventual Umayyad Caliph), brazenly attacked 'Ali, the fourth Rightly-Guided Caliph in the Fitna Al-Kubra (the Great Civil War). This conflict broke the unity of the Arab Caliphate and resulted in the division of the Caliphates into the Rightly-Guided Caliphate, the Umayyad Caliphate, and the Kharijite Caliphate.

Another good example of Arab on Arab betrayal was in Southern Spain during the Reign of the Taifa Kingdoms. Arab city-states would ally with Northern Spaniard Christian States against other local Arab city-states for local control and dominance.

Arabs were also betrayed by Foreign Powers. The most commonly given example of this is during the First World War when Arabs were promised an Arab State across the entire Middle East if they assisted the British and French against the Ottomans. Although the Arabs did rise up and fight as suggested, the British and French eventually incorporated the Levant and Mesopotamia into their sprawling empires as Mandates.

Another time that Arabs were betrayed by Foreign Powers was during the surrender of Southern Spanish Taifa Kingdoms to the Castillian and Aragonese Governments. The Arab Moslem citizens were promised that they could continue their lives peaceably in the Christian Kingdoms after their surrender. However, the Spanish Inquisition and Expulsions force Moslems to convert, flee, or die, betraying this promise.

Who did Palestine originally belong to?

It depends on how far back you wish to go. The earliest archaeology dates settlements near the city of Haifa from 100,000 years ago. It then passed hands to early tribe, Proto-Canaanites, Canaanites, Israelites, Philistines, Egyptians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Macedonian Greeks, Egyptian Greeks, Syrian Greeks, Hasmonean Jews, Romans, Byzantines, several different Arab Caliphates and Turkish Empires, Crusader States, the Ottomans, the Britons, and finally Israel and modern Arab States.

Why do so many countries hate Israel?

These are two separate, but interrelated questions. For information solely on "Why do people hate the Jews" and "Why do people hate Israel" see the links below. The Community Answer below will speak solely to the conflagration of hating Jews and Israel.

Related Questions:
Why do people hate the Jews?
Why do people hate Israel?
Did Hitler only hate Jews?

For so many people, both Jews and non-Jews, Israel is believed to be a Jewish State in a religious sense, even though when examined, this view makes little sense. Israel never describes itself as being a country where citizenship is conditioned on being Jewish, never requires any religious test or examination for public office or private work, has numerous laws which contravene (quite explicitly) Jewish religious principles or views, and has a generally secular population.

Regardless of these facts, the two are mixed together since many Jews see Israel and Jewish Nationalism (Zionism) as outgrowths of their ethno-religious identity. Many non-Jews recognize this and therefore see Israel's actions as connected to Jewish ideals and desires. Of course, such a thing is ridiculous to do and this is why nobody ever judged the actions of the world's one Hindu State (Nepal - which is now no longer Hindu) as representing the views of Hinduism, or China of representing Confucianism, or Thailand of Buddhism. Only recently have people been judging the Vatican (a country actually founded on religious grounds) as an outgrowth of the virtues of the Catholic Church. Many of the actions taken by Israel are problematic for a number of reasons (see the Israel question for more on this) and extrapolate those problems to the Jews themselves. Conversely, a person may feel little antagonism towards Israel, but holds Anti-Semitic views which eventually color his perception of Israel. Admittedly, the latter is much less common than the former.

In many Arab and Muslim countries, in addition to attacking Israel's policies, acts which may have merit, they circulate Anti-Semitic propaganda such as the "Protocols of the Elders of Zion" and similar texts in order to buttress their claim that Israel is evil. Such virulence can only lead to Anti-Semitism and goes directly against the Islamic tenets of treating the Jews with dignity as they are Ahl Al-Kitaab. However, the rulers and religious elites in these countries are perfectly fine with suspending such views in order to achieve a political objective.

What is the most important natural resource in South West Asia?

Below is the original answer from some "smart-@$$"

The most important resource is

Water, mainly for survival.

(obviously, the original answer is from some kid who doesn't know what he is talking about.)

me

i don't think that YOU are an important resource!!

Water is an important resource in southwest Asia because without it everyone there would die. the second most important would be oil, but that is less necessary than water, because you can live without it. without oil, southwest Asia would struggle, but they would be alive. without water, well...you can say goodbye to southwest asians completely.

What is the area of farmland in southwest Asia where early civilizations began?

The less specific region known as the Fertile Crescent is used to include the regions of river farming to the east and south of the Mediterranean Sea. More specifically, Mesopotamia seems to have originated earlier, in the land around the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, followed by the Egyptians on the Nile River.

What is the major religion of the Arab world?

Sunni Islam is the most common religion in the Arab World, but every Arab chooses his own "dominant" religion or non-religion to believe in.

Are Arabs black?

Some are black, pale, red, brown/ no one race

[-EDITE-]

I'm white and an Arabic. :) Arabs got black people and white people...in the old times a HUGE number of black people changed their religion and migrated since Islam says Black and White people are equal and Arab people never made black as slaves.

When was Palestine first called Palestine?

The name "Palestine" is the cognate of an ancient word meaning "Philistines".

The earliest known mention of the word was by Ancient Egyptian scribes, used to describe invaders from the Palestinian area during the reign of Pharaoh Ramesses III in the 12th century BCE (BC).

What nation of southwest Asia has land in both Asia and Europe?

TURKEY, GEORGIA, and AZERBAIJAN all qualify as primarily Southwest Asian countries that have some territory in Europe.

How did Saladin become sultan?

After liberating Jerusalem from the Christians, he proclaimed himself sultan. His soldiers agreed that it was fitting.

Are Philistines the ancient inhabitants of Palestine?

This excerpt is taken from keyway.ca

"Regardless of the place of origin of the Philistines, whether Crete or Egypt, or anywhere else, we do know for certain how "Philistine" became "Palestine." The name Palestine originated from the Greek word pronounced Palaistina, which is derived from the Hebrew word pronounced pel-eh-sheth, meaning land of the Philistines (one of the most famous of whom was Goliath). The original word referred only to a small coastal territory corresponding to what is today Gaza, never to all of the land of Jacob, who God renamed Israel."

AnswerAfter about 1250 BCE, the Philistines occupied the coastal plains and foothills of Palestine, south from about present-day Tel Aviv. In later centuries they absorbed the culture and religious beliefs of their northern neighbours, the Canaanites, and became indistinguishable from them. The Hebrew people occupied the inland, in an area somewhat larger than today's Western Bank.

What country in the middle east is an oil rich country?

Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, and mostly countries east and south east of the Arabian peninsula.

What is the major ethnic group in southwest asia?

Southwest Asia is one of the most diverse regions of the world with an incredible number of minorities and ethnic subdivisions within what are usually established as monolithic ethnic groups. The largest ethnic groups in Southwest Asia are the Arabs, Persians, Turks, Kurds, Jews, and the Copts.

What are three major colonial powers of Islam?

Islamic history has involved expansion, conquest and colonization across North Africa and Eurasia. The Turks, as in the Ottomans, Seljuks were set of Islamic imperial powers. The Mongols-Moghuls hordes and the Arab Caliphates were another.