Hormones

Hormones are chemicals produced by the body's glands that travel through the bloodstream to regulate various physiological processes such as metabolism, growth, and reproduction. They all act as chemical messengers, binding to specific receptors on target cells to initiate a response and maintain homeostasis in the body.

I am reviewing a paper for JEP that says the oxytocin like activity from a plant of Ficus family. Interestingly I was searching some works for that review, when I came accross this question. I will do some study and for some one interested do contact the JEP or krishnakaphlevet@yahoo.com for specific queery.

Aldosterone stimulates the reabsorption of Na in the kidney by increasing the activity of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts, which pumps Na+ out of the tubular lumen and into the blood. Additionally, aldosterone increases the expression of epithelial sodium channels (ENaC) on the luminal membrane of tubular cells, facilitating Na+ reabsorption.

Vasopressin is typically measured in international units (IU), not milligrams. The conversion factor between units and milligrams may vary depending on the specific formulation of vasopressin being used. It is important to consult a healthcare provider or a pharmacist for accurate dosing information.

Insulin is always used for the treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (type I diabetes) and occasionally also for the treatment of therapy refractory non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (type II). This therapy is obligatory for individuals with ketoacidosis and it can be taken into consideration for all subjects who remain symptomatic, lose weight, or have continuously high blood glucose concentrations (in fasting state more than 7-8 mmol/l, postprandial more than 10-12 mmol/l) despite another treatment. Insulin can also become temporarily necessary during surgical interventions or acute diseases.

Human plasmids introduced into the bacteria stimulate insulin production.

A special enzyme is used to cut out the insulin gene from a human cell. It is attached to a bacterial chromosome which is also split open by an enzyme. The gene is then transferred into a bacterial cell. The gene makes the bacterial cell produce insulin.

Insulin is secreted when blood sugar rises. It works by stimulating receptors on tissue cells to escort glucose into the cells. It all suppresses glucagon, hormone-sensitive lipase (a hormone responsible for mobilizing and using fat stores) and suppresses the appetite centers in the brain.

Glucagon is secreted when blood sugar is low. It triggers gluconeogenesis in the liver, which means that fats and proteins are converted into glucose and released into the blood. It also is responsible for mobilizing glycogen stores, suppresses insulin, and mobilizes fat stores.

So glucagon and insulin not only do opposite things, they are antagonistic to each other, meaning when one is high the other one is low. They do not technically work "together".

High levels of insulin are common in those who consume excessive calories and excessive carbohydrate foods. For those who are sensitive to the effects of insulin, this can cause reactive hypoglycemia and obesity.

islets of langerhans. tho i guess all cells have the ability to produce insulin.

To lower DHT levels in the body, you can consider taking supplements like saw palmetto or stinging nettle root, incorporating foods rich in antioxidants and zinc into your diet, reducing stress levels, and avoiding products or behaviors that can increase DHT production, such as anabolic steroids or excessive alcohol consumption. It's important to consult with a healthcare provider before making any significant changes to your DHT levels.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) decreases the amount of sodium in your body and when ever sodium levels go down potassium levels go up (same is true for visa versa) so the amount of Potassium should increase when there is an increase in ADH.

The function of insulin is too maintain the blood glucose level. So, really, it controls the level of sugar in your body. People with diabetes have trouble controlling their blood glucose level as their insulin doesn't work very well. People with Type 1 Diabetes have to take insulin medications, while people with type 2 diabetes can control their blood glucose levels with diet.

Oxytocin does not directly cause an increase in fruit size. Oxytocin is a hormone involved in social bonding and reproductive functions in animals. Fruit size is primarily influenced by genetic factors, growing conditions (such as sunlight, nutrients, water), and other physiological processes within the plant.

Human insulin is preferable to animal insulin because it is made through genetic engineering, ensuring higher purity and reducing the risk of allergic reactions. Additionally, human insulin closely mimics the natural insulin produced by the human body, which leads to more predictable and consistent results in managing diabetes. Lastly, human insulin is now more widely available and cost-effective compared to animal-derived insulin.

Adrenaline (aka epinephrine) is a hormone, but bears striking resemblance to the neurotransmitters used in your nervous system.

You see, your nervous system works by a series of synaptic junctions. That is, all your nerve cells are lined up from head to tail, and depolarization waves carry messages down the length of the cells. Synapases are the small gaps between each cell and the next in line. Once the depolarization wave gets to the end of the cell, it cannot just "jump the gap", but it signals the cell to release neurotransmitters. The neurotransmitters are molecules that fit like a lock and key into receptors on the next cell in line. When the neurotransmitters make contact with the receptors on the next cell, it causes a depolarization wave in that one as well, and the process goes on.

In the case of the sympathetic nervous system (your fight or flight nerves), the main neurotransmitter is called norepinephrine. It is what is used in these tiny doses at the end of each nerve cell (generally). When epinephrine (adrenaline, to use the British term) is released from your adrenal gland, it travels through the blood stream and hits the same receptors that norepinephrine normally hits. It is what we call a "direct agonist response." This causes general sympathetic (fight or flight) reactions, such as bronchial dilation, increased heart rate, blood vessel dilation, capillary contraction, and pupil dilation.

I wish I could draw the molecules epinephrine and norepinephrine on here, and you would be able to see how similar they are and why they would both bind to the same receptors. I suggest looking up their structures for a better idea.

they are amino acid base chemicals made by allergy or immune mediator cells. Leukotrienes are believed to be the causative chemicals in delayed hypersensitivity and are also known as slow reacting substances of anaphylaxis.

The hypothalamus is the main contol center of the autonomic nervous system, and when adrenaline, also called epinephrine is needed, it sends a neural message to the adrenal medulla so it can be released quickly into the blood stream, and since it is a vasoconstrictor, your blood pressure goes up quite rapidly preparing your body for the alarm response which is part of the flight or flight mechanism; part of the sympathetic division of the autonomic system.

The short-term secretion of adrenaline helps increase heart rate, blood flow to muscles, and energy availability by breaking down glycogen. This can improve performance by enhancing speed, strength, and reaction time during a quick and intense 100-meter race.

The Lewis dot diagram for adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, would show the chemical structure of the molecule, including the arrangement of atoms and shared electrons. It would consist of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen atoms connected in a specific pattern that represents the molecule's structure.

Aldosterone is primarily regulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. To increase aldosterone levels, factors that can stimulate its production include low blood pressure, low blood volume, high potassium levels, and high Angiotensin II levels. These conditions can trigger the release of aldosterone from the adrenal glands.

In presence of ultraviolet rays of sun Cholesterol in skin is converted to Cholecalciferol. then in Liver it get converted to 25 Cholecalciferol. then in kidney, it get converted to 1,25 Cholecalciferol. Which is active form of Vitamin D. Also called as Calitriol. If execass of Vitamin 'D' is ingested as in Cod Liver intake, then body converts it into 24, 25 cholecalciferol, which is almost inactive form of Vitamin 'D'. You have almost no Vitamin 'D' in diary food or any other food. So almost all people have subclinical vitamin 'D' deficiency, except people living in polar area. (Who almost never get heart attack.) so Vitamin 'D' should be added by government in food. Calcitriol deposites calcium salt in bones, enhance absorption of calcium salts from intestine, Reabsorbs calcium ion from kidney.

B. an aldosterone-regulated pump. The thick segments in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle contain transport mechanisms that pump solutes out of the filtrate, which is regulated by aldosterone, not ADH.

Gastrin is a hormone secreted by the stomach which stimulates the secretion of hydrochloric acid, increase motility, and stomach emptying.

Glucagon is a hormone that helps regulate blood sugar levels by promoting the release of stored glucose from the liver when blood sugar levels are low. It works in opposition to insulin, which lowers blood sugar levels by promoting its uptake into cells.

Adrenaline can help to temporarily reduce bleeding by constricting blood vessels and increasing blood pressure. However, it is not a long-term solution for stopping bleeding and should not replace proper medical treatment for significant injuries.

17β-estradiol is a steroid hormone with a chemical structure consisting of four interconnected rings forming a steroid backbone, with a hydroxyl group at the C17 position and an ethinyl group at the C3 position. It is the most potent form of estrogen in humans and plays a key role in the regulation of the female reproductive system.