Intel 8086 and 8088

The RST instruction is a 1 byte opcode with a 3 bit imbedded operand. There are 8 different RST instructions. Each pushes the PC on the stack, and loads the PC with the operand's value times 8. (0H, 8H, 10H, 18H, etc.)

Pushing the PC on the stack and loading a new value into the PC is exactly what a CALL instruction does, so the RST instruction is a 1 byte CALL instruction. The difference between RST and CALL is that CALL is a 3 byte instruction which can go anywhere in memory in one instruction.

Yes, the interrupt vector is inside the kernel.

help PLA use convert excess-3 to gray code

The INT 03 instruction on the 8086/8088 and higher class processors is a program generated interrupt that only requires one byte in the opcode. Often, this is used by a debugger, to plant breakpoints at certain points in the code. During the interrupt servicing routine, the original opcode would be restored so that it could be executed if desired.

Contrast this with the INT 01 instruction, which is actually a single step type of interrupt. In this case, the debugger sets the single step flag in the return PSW, and then simply returns to the program. No opcode needed to be planted, as there will be an automatic execution of just one instruction, and then the interrupt will occur.

The difference is in performance. INT 03 can allow the program to run at full speed until it hits the breakpoint. The downside is that, if the program does not make it to the breakpoint, the debugger will not be able to regain control without forcing an interrupt. INT 01 allows the debugger to examine the state of the program at every single instruction, allowing the implementation of complex rule based breakpoints. The downside is that program execution will be very slow.

If the stack is empty assume the stack pointer has a value of P. when you push something on the stack you increment P. when you pull something from stack you decrement P.

The tristate of the 8086 microprocessor refers to the three possible states of its output pins: high (logic 1), low (logic 0), and high-impedance (high-Z). In the high-impedance state, the output effectively disconnects from the circuit, allowing multiple devices to share the same bus without interference. This capability is crucial for bus-oriented architectures, enabling efficient data communication between the CPU and other components. The tristate output is essential for managing control signals and data transfer in complex systems.

displacement from base address

RST 2 is one example of a one byte call instruction. It points to 0010H.

mov H , L mov is opcode H L are operands

A jury of 12 to 23 persons convened in private session to evaluate accusations against persons charged with crime and to determine whether the evidence warrants a bill of indictment.

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I don't. I use the data sheet. The pins don't change, so the design is fixed. See the Related Link below for more information.

Assembly is signficantly shorter and easier to remember than the equivilant machine instructions.

Assembly instructions are human readable characters, for which a direct translation exists to the binary machine code instructions.

Pseudo example:

add <- assembly instruction

1010101010 <- machine instruction

offset storage for forming physical address

Gray code is a 'reflected code', why is it named so will be illustrated soon. The advantage of Gray code over binary code is that only one bit in the code group changes when going from one number to the next. By, Ashish Kumar (Roh, Nawada, Bihar)

By using the appropriate programmer for the chip. See related links for the MPLAB PM3 Universal Device Programmer.

Yes

The numbers 8086 most often refer to the first generation of 16 bit computer processor chips. These where made by Intel. Later generations where named 80186, 80286, 80386, and 80486 often dropping the 80 prefix.

The Instruction Pointer (IP) in an 8086 microprocessor contains the address of the next instruction to be executed. The processor uses IP to request memory data from the Bus Interface Unit, and then increments it by the size of the instruction.

leave these questions in choice

Lxih, 2200

mov c,m

inxh

mov a,m

inxh

cmp m

jc l1

mov a,m

dcr c

jnz l2

inhx

mov m,a

hlt

The MN/MX- ping on the 8086 is pin 33.