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Public Relations
This field is concerned with maintaining a public image for businesses, not-for-profit organizations or high-profile people like politicians and celebrities. Public relations are used to create rapport with customers, employees, investors, voters or the general public.
1,019 Questions
What is a role of a hospital administartors?
Hospital administrators manage hospitals through their supervising daily operations of the hospital, ensuring that they operate efficiently while providing proper medical care to patients. Administrators also serve as "middle persons" between medical boards, staff, and department heads while also maintaining the latest knowledge regarding medicinal developments and procedures.
CONSUMER Buying Behavior is the decision processes and acts of people involved in buying and using products.
Need to understand:
why consumers make the purchases that they make?
what factors influence consumer purchases?
the changing factors in our society.
Consumer Buying Behavior refers to the buying behavior of the ultimate consumer. A firm needs to analyze buying behavior for:
Buyers reactions to a firms marketing strategy has a great impact on the firms success.
The marketing concept stresses that a firm should create a MARKETING MIX that satisfies (gives utility to) customers, therefore need to analyze the what, where, when and how consumers buy.
Marketers can better predict how consumers will respond to marketing strategies.
CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOR
Stages of the Consumer Buying Process
Six Stages to the Consumer Buying Decision Process (For complex decisions). Actual purchasing is only one stage of the process. Not all decision processes lead to a purchase. All consumer decisions do not always include all 6 stages, determined by the degree of complexity...discussed next.
The 6 stages are:
Problem Recognition(awareness of need)--difference between the desired state and the actual condition. Deficit in assortment of products. Hunger--Food. Hunger stimulates your need to eat.
Can be stimulated by the marketer through product information--did not know you were deficient? I.E., see a commercial for a new pair of shoes, stimulates your recognition that you need a new pair of shoes.
Information search--
Internal search, memory.
External search if you need more information. Friends and relatives (word of mouth). Marketer dominated sources; comparison shopping; public sources etc.
A successful information search leaves a buyer with possible alternatives, the evoked set.
Hungry, want to go out and eat, evoked set is
Chinese food
Indian food
burger king
klondike kates etc
Evaluation of Alternatives--need to establish criteria for evaluation, features the buyer wants or does not want. Rank/weight alternatives or resume search. May decide that you want to eat something spicy, Indian gets highest rank etc.
If not satisfied with your choice then return to the search phase. Can you think of another restaurant? Look in the yellow pages etc. Information from different sources may be treated differently. Marketers try to influence by "framing" alternatives.
Purchase decision--Choose buying alternative, includes product, package, store, method of purchase etc.
Purchase--May differ from decision, time lapse between 4 & 5, product availability.
Post-Purchase Evaluation--outcome: Satisfaction or Dissatisfaction. Cognitive Dissonance, have you made the right decision. This can be reduced by warranties, after sales communication etc.
After eating an Indian meal, may think that really you wanted a Chinese meal instead.
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Types of Consumer Buying Behavior
Types of consumer buying behavior are determined by:
Level of Involvement in purchase decision. Importance and intensity of interest in a product in a particular situation.
Buyers level of involvement determines why he/she is motivated to seek information about a certain products and brands but virtually ignores others.
High involvement purchases--Honda Motorbike, high priced goods, products visible to others, and the higher the risk the higher the involvement.
Types of risk:
Personal risk
Social risk
Economic risk
The four type of consumer buying behavior are:
Routine Response/Programmed Behavior--buying low involvement frequently purchased low cost items; need very little search and decision effort; purchased almost automatically. Examples include soft drinks, snack foods, milk etc.
Limited Decision Making--buying product occasionally. When you need to obtain information about unfamiliar brand in a familiar product category, perhaps. Requires a moderate amount of time for information gathering. Examples include Clothes--know product class but not the brand.
Extensive Decision Making/Complex high involvement, unfamiliar, expensive and/or infrequently bought products. High degree of economic/performance/psychological risk. Examples include cars, homes, computers, education. Spend alot of time seeking information and deciding.
Information from the companies MM; friends and relatives, store personnel etc. Go through all six stages of the buying process.
Impulse buying, no conscious planning.
The purchase of the same product does not always elicit the same Buying Behavior. Product can shift from one category to the next.
For example:
Going out for dinner for one person may be extensive decision making (for someone that does not go out often at all), but limited decision making for someone else. The reason for the dinner, whether it is an anniversary celebration, or a meal with a couple of friends will also determine the extent of the decision making.
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Categories that Effect the Consumer Buying Decision Process
A consumer, making a purchase decision will be affected by the following three factors:
* PERSONAL
*PSYCHOLOGICAL
*SOCIAL
The marketer must be aware of these factors in order to develop an appropriate MARKETING MIX for its target market.
Personal
Unique to a particular person. Demographic Factors. Sex, Race, Age etc.
Who in the family is responsible for the decision making.
Young people purchase things for different reasons than older people.
Psychological factors
Psychological factors include:
Motives--
A motive is an internal energizing force that orients a person's activities toward satisfying a need or achieving a goal.
Actions are effected by a set of motives, not just one. If marketers can identify motives then they can better develop a marketing mix.
MASLOW hierarchy of needs!!
Physiological
Safety
Love and Belonging
Esteem
Self Actualization
Need to determine what level of the hierarchy the consumers are at to determine what motivates their purchases.
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Perception--
What do you see?? Perception is the process of selecting, organizing and interpreting information inputs to produce meaning. IE we chose what info we pay attention to, organize it and interpret it.
Information inputs are the sensations received through sight, taste, hearing, smell and touch.
Selective Exposure-select inputs to be exposed to our awareness. More likely if it is linked to an event, satisfies current needs, intensity of input changes (sharp price drop).
Selective Distortion-Changing/twisting current received information, inconsistent with beliefs.
Advertisers that use comparative advertisements (pitching one product against another), have to be very careful that consumers do not distort the facts and perceive that the advertisement was for the competitor. A current example...MCI and AT&T...do you ever get confused?
Selective Retention-Remember inputs that support beliefs, forgets those that don't.
Average supermarket shopper is exposed to 17,000 products in a shopping visit lasting 30 minutes-60% of purchases are unplanned. Exposed to 1,500 advertisement per day. Can't be expected to be aware of all these inputs, and certainly will not retain many.
Interpreting information is based on what is already familiar, on knowledge that is stored in the memory.
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Ability and Knowledge--
Need to understand individuals capacity to learn. Learning, changes in a person's behavior caused by information and experience. Therefore to change consumers' behavior about your product, need to give them new information re: product...free sample etc.
South Africa...open bottle of wine and pour it!! Also educate American consumers about changes in SA. Need to sell a whole new country.
When making buying decisions, buyers must process information.
Knowledge is the familiarity with the product and expertise.
Inexperience buyers often use prices as an indicator of quality more than those who have knowledge of a product.
Non-alcoholic Beer example: consumers chose the most expensive six-pack, because they assume that the greater price indicates greater quality.
Learning is the process through which a relatively permanent change in behavior results from the consequences of past behavior.
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Attitudes--
Knowledge and positive and negative feelings about an object or activity-maybe tangible or intangible, living or non- living.....Drive perceptions
Individual learns attitudes through experience and interaction with other people.
Consumer attitudes toward a firm and its products greatly influence the success or failure of the firm's marketing strategy.
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Personality--
all the internal traits and behaviors that make a person unique, uniqueness arrives from a person's heredity and personal experience. Examples include:
Workaholism
Compulsiveness
Self confidence
Friendliness
Adaptability
Ambitiousness
Dogmatism
Authoritarianism
Introversion
Extroversion
Aggressiveness
Competitiveness.
Traits effect the way people behave. Marketers try to match the store image to the perceived image of their customers.
There is a weak association between personality and Buying Behavior, this may be due to unreliable measures. Nike ads. Consumers buy products that are consistent with their self concept.
Lifestyles--
Recent US trends in lifestyles are a shift towards personal independence and individualism and a preference for a healthy, natural lifestyle.
Lifestyles are the consistent patterns people follow in their lives.
EXAMPLE healthy foods for a healthy lifestyle. Sun tan not considered fashionable in US until 1920's. Now an assault by the American Academy of Dermatology.
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Social Factors
Consumer wants, learning, motives etc. are influenced by opinion leaders, person's family, reference groups, social class and culture.
Opinion leaders--
SPOKESPEOPLE etc. Marketers try to attract opinion leaders...they actually use (pay) spokespeople to market their products. Michael Jordon (Nike, McDonalds, Gatorade etc.)
Can be risky...Michael Jackson...OJ Simpson...Chevy Chase
Roles and Family Influences--
Role...things you should do based on the expectations of you from your position within a group.
People have many roles.
Husband, father, employer/ee. Individuals role are continuing to change therefore marketers must continue to update information.
Family is the most basic group a person belongs to. Marketers must understand:
that many family decisions are made by the family unit
consumer behavior starts in the family unit
family roles and preferences are the model for children's future family (can reject/alter/etc)
family buying decisions are a mixture of family interactions and individual decision making
family acts an interpreter of social and cultural values for the individual.
The Family life cycle: families go through stages, each stage creates different consumer demands:
bachelor stage...most of BUAD301
newly married, young, no children...me
full nest I, youngest child under 6
full nest II, youngest child 6 or over
full nest III, older married couples with dependant children
empty nest I, older married couples with no children living with them, head in labor force
empty nest II, older married couples, no children living at home, head retired
solitary survivor, in labor force
solitary survivor, retired
Modernized life cycle includes divorced and no children.
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Reference Groups--
Individual identifies with the group to the extent that he takes on many of the values, attitudes or behaviors of the group members.
Families, friends, sororities, civic and professional organizations.
Any group that has a positive or negative influence on a persons attitude and behavior.
Membership groups (belong to)
Affinity marketing is focused on the desires of consumers that belong to reference groups. Marketers get the groups to approve the product and communicate that approval to its members. Credit Cards etc.!!
Aspiration groups (want to belong to)
Disassociate groups (do not want to belong to)
Honda, tries to disassociate from the "biker" group.
The degree to which a reference group will affect a purchase decision depends on an individuals susceptibility to reference group influence and the strength of his/her involvement with the group.
Social Class--
an open group of individuals who have similar social rank. US is not a classless society. US criteria; occupation, education, income, wealth, race, ethnic groups and possessions.
Social class influences many aspects of our lives. IE upper middle class Americans prefer luxury cars Mercedes.
Upper Americans-upper-upper class, .3%, inherited wealth,
What are the duties of public relations?
There are eight components under Promotion in the Nine (9) P's of Marketing. PR is just one of them under "Promotion," in the 9P's of Marketing.
PR or Public Relations is one of the eight along with advertising, personal selling, collateral, interactive, sales promotion, events & experiences, direct marketing.
Public Relations--press releases, publicity. Securing editorial space, as opposed to paid space--usually in print, electronic or Internet media. Promote or "hype" a product, service, idea, place, person or organization, internal communication, lobbying.
PR involves a variety of programs designed to promote or protect a company's image/reputation or individual products.
What role does public relations play in reactive crisis management?
what is/ should be the role of PR in a Crisis Management. So in today's fast world of communication its very important that to take a pre emptive measure towards reputation management.
Don't leave it to chance damage limitation can be way more expensive once it hits the fan.
For a good source of information on reputation management see www.reputationmanagementfor.com
What is the purpose of the helix angle in relation to aeroplane propellers?
maximum thrust is obtained.
How has SOX affected top officers in a public company?
the chief executive officer (CEO) and chief financial officer (CFO) of each publicly traded company prepare a statement to certify the "appropriateness of the financial statements and disclosures
What are the limitations of marketing?
Internet marketing requires customers to use newer technologies rather than traditional media. Low-speed Internet connections are another barrier: If companies build large or overly-complicated websites, individuals connected to the Internet via dial-up connections or mobile devices may experience significant delays in content delivery. From the buyer's perspective, the inability of shoppers to touch, smell, taste or "try on" tangible goods before making an online purchase can be limiting. However, there is an industry standard for e-commerce vendors to reassure customers by having liberal return policies as well as providing in-store pick-up services. A survey of 410 marketing executives listed the following barriers to entry for large companies looking to market online: insufficient ability to measure impact, lack of internal capability, and difficulty convincing senior management.[2]
What are the Environmental constraints in engineering businesses?
Environmental engineers plan, build, and test erosion control systems, water control systems, and waste management and utility plants. Their projects vary from large to small scale, and may include collaborating to build a city's water system, landfills, and recycling centers.
It basically a portfolio. In the racing world, it would be used to attract sponsors.
How do you write a email to a client?
There are some good standards to follow when writing business emails. Here is a good site to reference from in the related links.
What are the similarities between public relations and advertising?
The similarities between public relations and advertising lies on the promotion element of the marketing mix. Both are ingredients that makes a successful marketing. Also, PR and Advertising deliver message to the public irrespective of their aim and purpose. Moreover, Advertising serves as a tool of public relations.
Public relations is the goal to maintain a positive view of a company, country, or person. International public relations is related to establishing and maintaining positive relationships between countries.
How is a potential audience identified?
By noting the age, race, ethnicity, interests, activities, and region. Mostly demographics.
What is a clever slogan for our matric grade 12 jerseys?
Tartan Tossers.
It's very clever because Tartan->Scottish, Tossers -> obviously talking cabers here, since the Scots reference would imply that.
Product quality is a trait where the product meets or exceeds the expectations of the end consumer. Quality also has the element of consistency involved. Products that are high quality consistently meet expectations.
What is different between public relations and advertising?
Public relation is a tool which is used to build image of a company. It is used to highlight the achievements of the company. It is very effective at the time of crisis. When the image of any company or organisation is tainted due to any reason then PR is used to bring the image in track and build and also to maintain the goodwill of the organisation concerned.
are groups that share a common goals or guiding philosophy and can make an impact on the primary public.
public relations
What is the real life example of negotiATION?
Iam still looking for the answer..... r u mmu's student !
The main role of the public relations staff is to foster and protect a company's what assets?
the main role of the public relations staff is to foster and protect a company,s blank assets
