Writing and Composition

THE ELEMENTS OF EFFECTIVE EXPOSITORY WRITING

1. Quality of Content

2. Clarity of Thesis

3. Organization

4. Development

5. Unity and Coherence

6. Word Choice

7. Sentence Variety

8. Tone

9. Emphasis and Rhythm

10. Grammar and Sentence Clarity

11. Punctuation and Mechanics

12. Reader Adaptation

1. Quality of Content

The purpose of expository writing is to explain something, that is, to provide readers with

information worth knowing and thinking about. Thus, the phrase "quality of content" refers to

the significance of the writer's topic, the depth of the writer's knowledge and analysis of the

topic,* and the appropriateness of the writer's discussion and treatment of the topic.

*Depth of analysis is also the main feature of strong development.

2. Clarity of Thesis

A thesis concisely states the central point of the essay. It is often called the controlling idea

or main idea because every subsequent part of the essay should support it. The thesis

usually appears in an essay's opening paragraphs so that the reader will know exactly what

point the essay will discuss. Often, professional writers state their topic and direction in the

introduction but reveal the full thesis as the essay progresses.

3. Organization

(1) Introductory Paragraph with Thesis Statement

Introductory paragraphs attempt to arouse reader interest by providing background

information on the topic, stressing the significance of the topic, or presenting one or more

startling facts. Introductory paragraphs should lead logically to the thesis, which usually

appears at the end of the introductory paragraph or paragraphs, though not always.

(2) Middle (Supporting) Paragraphs

Each middle paragraph has its own main point and supporting sentences that support

that point. Often the main point can be found in a topic sentence, which may appear

anywhere in the paragraph or be implied. Of course, all middle paragraphs must

ultimately support the essay's thesis.

(3) Concluding Paragraph

The concluding paragraph of an essay may draw a conclusion, make a prediction,

provide a summary, or use a combination of these strategies.

4.Development

A well-developed essay demonstrates depth of analysis and discussion. It includes a sufficient

number of representative and accurate facts, examples, details, and explanations to convince

readers that the thesis is significant and worth their consideration. The reasoning must be clear,

logical, and free of error (no important information or assumptions are left out; compared things

are comparable; generalizations are qualified and based on sufficient evidence).

5. Unity and Coherence

Unity: All sentences in a paragraph must relate to and support the point of the paragraph; all

paragraphs in an essay must relate to and support the thesis of the essay. Irrelevant

material disrupts the reader's attention.

Coherence:

When paragraphs and essays have coherence, readers can easily understand the relationship

between the ideas in one sentence and those in the next and between the ideas in one paragraph

and those in the next. In order to achieve coherence, writers should always place their

sentences and paragraphs in a logical order. In addition, writers should provide smooth

transitions between two sentences or paragraphs in one or both of the following ways: (1) by

using connective words and expressions, such as in addition to or in contrast and (2) by

repeating or referring to key words, phrases, events, or ideas that have already been

introduced.

6. Word Choice

Writers should choose words that are consistent with standard English usage and

appropriate for the context. They should also be sure that the words they choose convey the

meaning intended. Slang, clichés, vague words (nice, fine) and the overuse of any one term

should not appear in the writing.

7. Sentence Variety

Writers who use the same length and type of sentence to express each thought miss two

vital points: variety helps convey meaning and increases reader interest. In the paragraph

below, the writer uses a variety of sentence lengths and types to convey an important

message.

The best students are not always those who memorize every fact in their school books,

score well on multiple-choice tests, and raise their hands during every lecture to pin down each

definition. The best students are thinkers. These are the students who grasp the larger picture,

filling in details as they relate to the whole. They look for connections, differences, patterns,

and analogies among ideas. They ask about causes and effects, never consider any answer

complete or final, and never stop wondering. The best students combine logic and imagination

to propose, test, and refine ideas; they are constantly revising their picture of the world. The

best students understand that learning how to think is the most important thing to know.

8. Tone

The tone of an essay conveys the writer's attitude toward the subject and the audience. The tone

may be enthusiastic, optimistic, humorous, friendly, matter-of-fact, serious, sincere, concerned,

impassioned, cynical, pessimistic, or hostile, to name just a few possibilities. Tone results from the

combined effect of word choice, sentence style, imagery, emphasis, and rhythm. It is important for

writers to be aware of their tone because tone is often a deciding factor in how well their ideas are

received.

9. Emphasis and Rhythm

Emphasis Writers emphasize their most important ideas by developing them well . They also

use the three rules below to their advantage.

1. The sentence or paragraph that contrasts most in length or structure usually receives

more emphasis than surrounding sentences or paragraphs.

2. When Ideas are arranged in climactic (ascending) order, the resulting contrast

underscores the importance of the final point. Notice the difference in the following two

sentences:

a. The hurricane ravaged the beaches, destroyed hundreds of homes, and took at least

fifty lives.

b. The hurricane took at least fifty lives, destroyed hundreds of homes, and ravaged the

beaches.

3. Independent clauses receive more stress than dependent clauses. Notice the shift in

emphasis in the two sentences that follow.

a. The supporting actors, who seldom get the recognition or pay they deserve, received

excellent reviews from the critics.

b. The supporting actors, who received excellent reviews from the critics, seldom get

the recognition or pay they deserve.

Rhythm: A rhythmic essay reads smoothly. Its pace may vary from quick to slow, but at all times

the writing should flow gracefully. In addition to strong coherence and appropriate emphasis,

other factors that interact to produce a pleasing rhythm are variations in word and sentence

length, variations in sentence structure, and parallelism.

Parallelism refers to the use of similar constructions to express equal or closely related ideas.

Here are two examples:

The author is clear, creative, and enthusiastic.

Writing well involves understanding the audience, knowing the subject, and working

hard to bring the two together.

A Final Note: An essay should have a pleasing rhythm because readers are more likely to

respond favorably to a clearly written, rhythmic essay than to one whose sentences are choppy

and whose thoughts seem disconnected.

10.Grammar and Sentence Clarity

Grammatical errors, illogical constructions, and choppy sentences make writing difficult to

read and, therefore, unconvincing. During the revision process, writers should attempt to

make the intended meaning of each sentence clear by experimenting with a variety of

sentence structures until the best structure by which to express each idea is found. During

the proofreading process writers should look carefully for all of the errors listed below.

Beginning writers should look for only one or two of these errors at a time, a task which unquestionably takes patience but which must be done if the writer is a serious student and

wants his or her work to be effective.

a. Sentence Fragments

b. Run-Together Sentences (Comma Splices and Fused Sentences)

c. Subject-Verb/Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement Errors

d. Incorrect Verb Forms

e. Pronoun Usage Errors

f. Adjective and Adverb Errors

g. Lack of Sentence Variety

h. Wordiness

I. Awkward or Confusing Constructions

j. Parallelism Errors

k. Misplaced or Dangling Modifiers

l. Omitted Words

11. Punctuation and Mechanics

The use of proper punctuation is important not because it reflects the writer's sophistication,

but because it serves as a guide to the reader by conveying intended meaning. A period, for

example, tells a reader that a thought has been completed. Similarly, a semicolon (;) indicates

that two thoughts are closely related, and a colon (:) tells the reader that an explanation of the

previous thought is to follow. Commas are especially important in keeping thoughts from

becoming confusing. Notice the difference between the two following statements:

a. After everyone sang the song that won first place in the contest was announced.

b. After everyone sang, the song that won first place in the contest was announced.

Proofreading for correct punctuation and mechanics should include the items listed below.

Punctuation Mechanics

a. The Comma a. Capitalization

b. The Semicolon b. Abbreviations

c. The Colon c. Numbers

d. The Apostrophe d. Italics (Underlining)

e. Quotation Marks e. Spelling

f. The Dash, Parentheses, f. The Hyphen

Brackets, Ellipsis Marks g. Manuscript Form

12. Reader Adaptation

If a paper is well adapted to the reader, it provides allneeded information and states that information in a clear, convincing manner that is appropriate for the intended audience.

All too often beginning writers insist that what they have written is perfectly clear, not realizing that they possess much more knowledge about what they intended to say thantheir readers do. Remember this rule:

All good writers learn to look at their work from the reader's point of view.

An addendum is extra information that an author or writer discovered after writing a book, report or document, such as a new study on the topic.

The American Heritage Dictionary defines an addendum as something added or to be added, especially a supplement to a book.

Similarly, an erratum or errata is a mistake in a book that is discovered after it was printed and is then corrected in a list added to the book or the publisher/author's website.

• This
• is
• bulleted
• text.

It is text with bullets in front of it.