Israel

Zionism was (and is) the movement to establish and preserve a Jewish homeland. It's first and primary champion, Theodor Herzl, explained quite well that the European concept of a nation-state was dependent on the idea that all of the people in any particular nation were of the same ethnic stock and heritage. Jews were branded by this system to be "the Other" and were regarded at best as possible equals and at worse as traitors, spies, thieves, and fifth columns. When the Dreyfus Affair turned out marches in Paris that said "Death to the Jews" on account of a kangaroo court against a particular guiltless Jew, it became clear that the Jew could not be integrated into Europe because of the presence of clear Anti-Semitism. The Holocaust served as the strongest proof that the Jew and the European Nation-State were irreconcilable. As a result, the Jews would need a place where they could live in freedom and without fear of Anti-Semitism. Since Israel has come into existence it has accepted Jewish political refugees from over 50 nations and flown missions at its own expense to rescue Jews from at least 10 nations.

Ancient Israel: Abraham (Genesis ch.11-25)
Isaac (Genesis ch.17, 21, 22 and 26)
Jacob (Genesis ch.25, and 27-35)
Joseph (Genesis ch.37, and 39-50)
Moses (Exodus ch.2 onwards)
Joshua, Deborah (Judges ch.4-5), Samuel, King David, King Solomon, King Hezekiah, Mordecai, Ezra, Hillel, Rabbi Akiva, Rabbi Judah ("the prince"), Rabbi Ashi, Rabbi Saadia Gaon, and thousands more.
See also the related link:

http://judaism.answers.com/jewish-history/timeline-of-jewish-history

The Old City of Jerusalem is located in the dead-center of the overall City of Jerusalem. Jerusalem is located in Israel, which is in the Middle East. The State of Palestine claims East Jerusalem, which includes a number of modern Arab neighborhoods and the Old City.

There is much discussion concerning Jerusalem's proper legal nature and ownership:

Today, the status of Jerusalem remains one of the core issues in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Israel annexed East Jerusalem and considers it a part of Israel, although the international community has rejected the annexation as illegal and considers East Jerusalem occupied territory. The international community does not recognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital and most foreign embassies are located in Tel Aviv and its suburbs. Palestinians want East Jerusalem to be the capital of a future Palestinian state. Israel, however, considers the entire city to be a part of Israel following its annexation of East Jerusalem through the Jerusalem Law of 1980.

Arab-Israel conflict has seen many wars between two. It started with 1948 war which ended with creation of a Jewish state. Subsequently Egypt and Israel had a conflict in 1956 due to Suez Canal nationalization and subsequent blockade for Israel by Egypt. In 1967 a full scale war broke out between Israel and Arab countries like Egypt, Syria, Jordan and Iraq. In 1969 Egypt started War of Attrition which ended in 1970 and in 1973 Yom Kippur war was fought between Egypt and Israel. Since then minor skirmishes have continued to take place between two sides.

The allies of Israel refer to the friends of Israel. The allies of Israel includes USA, UK, Germany, Canada, Czech Republic, China, India and Turkey just but to mention a few.

Yes, I live in Israel.

Yes, I live in Israel.

US Aid to Israel in the Arab-Israeli War of 1973 helped Israel to reverse the tide of that war and push back the invading Arab armies.

The city of Sardis.

The predominant religion of Israel in 1 AD was Judaism. Perhaps you are referring to the time period of Jesus but most scholars would say that the Church of God was founded on the 1st Pentecost Sunday, June 17, 31 AD. It was known as 'The Way' and the followers soon became known as Christians in Antioch.

Around the range of 1040 - 1010 BCE, during the reign of King David.

The Soviet Union was opposed to the creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine until after World War II, which is when Israel became independent. The Soviet Union actually saw the British Mandate in Palestine as an attempt by the British to create a sphere of influence in the Middle East and by allowing Jews to settle there, the British would transplant a Western-leaning, and relatively wealthy population in the Middle East. This would be disadvantageous to Soviet interests in the region. As a result, Stalin created Birobidzian Autonomous Jewish Oblast in southeast Siberia to be Jewish homeland in the Soviet Union. Understandably, it was not that successful since it was nowhere near the Jewish population centers.

There is no such thing as the "Aran Conflict".

Israel is generally experiencing a right-wing shift in reaction to the perceived failure of liberal policies preceding the creation of a more violent Gaza Strip.

Yes. The leaders in Israel are accountable to the law just as private citizens are.

Islam, Judaism

It depends on what the Muslims in question did.

Muslims who follow the laws of the State of Israel do not have adverse Israeli reaction. Many Muslims are actually part of the Israeli government and hold important jobs in the overall economy. Muslims who have tried to attack Israelis or have been successful in doing so are jailed. Whether they are tried in civilian or military courts depends on whether they are Israeli citizens or Palestinian residents respectively.

One example is Jaffa oranges.

Thousands of wars have happened in the Middle East. There is no singular Middle East War.

The crusades went to the holy land, to try and get the landfrom the muslins who occupied it.

Arabs, who form the majority of the Middle East were initially unhappy with the State of Israel because they believed that the land that had physically belonged to fellow Arabs' parents and grandparents should have remained in Arab hands as inheritance. In their minds, it did not make sense that a group of German, Polish, French, English, and Russian speaking people should claim land that their ancestors had not even visited for centuries. Even by the time of Israel's Declaration of Statehood, less than half of the land within the UN proscribed borders of Resolution 181 was owned by Jews. Therefore, the idea of Jewish State being even more physically expansive than the land already taken was alarming. This is why the Arabs urged their states to take military action against the Jewish State.

During the Jewish-Arab engagement (the term is nebulous because it was a conflict fought by militias as opposed to proper armies) of 1947-1949, both Arab and Jewish soldiers committed acts against civilians and tried to assist in the removal of the "undesirable party". This resulted in numerous Palestinian towns being attacked, rapes occurring, and murders on numerous occasions. Fear of further attacks and incitement by Arab Mullahs drove many Palestinians away from their homes. After the conflict, Israel, in order to maintain its Jewish character, has not permitted any Palestinian refugee to reclaim land inside of Israel. Arabs are very angry both at the Jewish malfeasance during the Jewish-Arab engagement and the continuing lack of the Palestinian Right to Return.

Jews did not leave Palestine in 65 BCE. They were forcibly exiled over a century later in 70 CE.

When they were exiled, they took on an incredible number of occupations. In most European countries, they were banned from a number of those occupations (especially artisanry). This resulted in European Jews primarily becoming lawyers, bankers, and doctors, since these were the professions not barred to them. However, in countries like Yemen where these prohibitions never occurred, Jews were dominant in jewelry creation.

A Hamas Government.

Pretty much everything else you can find in Gaza exists in Israel.

The reason that Israel is fighting against Gaza has to do with the belligerent attitude and activities of its government. Israel does not want the Gaza Strip to acquire the territory or the people.

700 b'c