Imperialism

In a colonizing population, genetic diversity tends to decrease as individuals interbreed with one another. This can lead to the loss of some genetic variation present in the original population. Over time, adaptations to the new environment may arise through natural selection, leading to the population becoming more suited to its new habitat.

Spain and Portugal were the two countries that colonized most of Latin America during the period of European colonization in the 15th to 19th centuries. Spain controlled a vast portion of Latin America, while Portugal's primary focus was on Brazil.

Imperialism became associated with Social Darwinism as proponents believed in the idea of natural selection and survival of the fittest being applied to societies. This provided a justification for the domination of one group over another, leading to the belief that stronger nations had a right to expand and dominate weaker ones. This ideology was used to justify the exploitation and control of colonies by imperial powers.

Social Darwinism asserts that each nation and people rises and falls as their culture proves its inherent worth or lack thereof. This proven by the cultural, political, and military expansion of the dominant societies and weakening and elimination of weaker societies. As a result, as the US is ascendant, it should propagate its culture and remove inadequate cultures. Only the fittest societies should survive and it is natural for superior nations to economically and politically dominate less-advanced nations.

Social Darwinism is a term used for ideologies which exploited ideas of survival of the fittest.To elitists strong nations were composed of white people who were successful at expanding their empires, and would survive in the struggle for dominance.

Social Darwinism was the idea that different societies and races compete for survival in a similar way to species in nature, with the fittest coming out on top. This concept was used to justify European imperialism in Asia and Africa by suggesting that it was not only beneficial but also natural for superior European nations to dominate and exploit weaker non-European societies.

Yes, Cameroon was colonized by both Germany and France in the 19th century. After World War I, it was divided between France and Britain as League of Nations mandates. Cameroon gained its independence from France in 1960 and from Britain in 1961.

Direct colonialism refers to a situation where a foreign power maintains control over a territory through the use of a local administration and military presence. Indirect colonialism involves exerting influence and control over a territory through economic, social, and political means without establishing a significant physical presence.

Because, as a rule, people (colonists) don't like to be ruled, especially when they're being treated like second class citizens in their own country; hence the rise of nationalism=national pride.

Imperialistic policies refer to a nation's actions that aim to expand its influence, control, and dominance over other territories or countries through political, economic, or military means. These policies often involve exploiting resources, imposing governance structures, and exerting cultural influence on the colonized or occupied territories. Imperialistic policies have historically led to conflicts, exploitation, and the loss of autonomy for the impacted regions.

Mainly Washington and the American business elites.

General Smedley Butler, John Stockwell, Philip Agee, Ralph McGehee, Philip Roettinger and others.

Some texts on the topic :

"A People's History of the United States" by Howard Zinn

"Overthrow" by Stephen Kinzer

"Killing Hope" by William Blum

"Against Empire" by Michael Parenti

The British wanted to establish trading posts and forts on the Western coast of Africa. It did not want other big colonial powers like Germany and France to stake claim in Nigeria. Britain wanted to open markets for their manufactured products in Africa. They also wanted to expand their palm oil trade and ivory trade along its coasts. There were many illegal slave trading activities going on in Nigeria.

1. Economic gain: Access to new markets, resources, and cheap labor.
2. Nationalism: Desire for power, prestige, and influence on a global scale.
3. Strategic reasons: Control of key territories for military and geopolitical advantage.
4. Civilizing mission: Belief in spreading values, culture, and civilization to "inferior" nations.
5. Competition with other colonial powers: Rivalry to establish colonies and dominance.
6. Social Darwinism: Ideology of superiority and belief in the right to conquer and dominate others.

Social Darwinism, which applied Darwin's theory of natural selection to human societies, provided a justification for imperialistic actions by suggesting that stronger nations had a right to dominate weaker ones. This ideology reinforced the idea that some races and cultures were superior to others, thus justifying the expansion of empires in the name of progress and civilization. Ultimately, it fueled a sense of superiority and entitlement among imperial powers, driving them to seize territories and resources around the world.

Imperialism is like the bully on the playground who dictates when and which groups are allowed to play, and maintains control by recruiting followers willing to help enforce those rules.

The concept of the white man's burden was used in the late 19th century to justify imperialism by suggesting that it was the duty of Western nations to civilize and uplift the so-called "inferior" peoples of colonized regions. This ideology was used to mask and legitimize the exploitation and subjugation of indigenous populations in the name of progress and humanitarianism.

In "To the Person Sitting in Darkness," Mark Twain criticizes imperialists for promoting and justifying colonization and exploitation in the name of spreading civilization and Christianity. He exposes the hypocrisy and violence of imperialism, highlighting the suffering it causes to the colonized people. Twain argues that imperialism is a self-serving endeavor that benefits the colonizers at the expense of the oppressed.

Beveridge was for Imperialism while Twain was against imperialism

Herbert Spencer stated that the strongest civilizations would conquer the weak.

As the history of the twentieth century has revealed, revisionism, being anything contrary to Marxism-Leninism, generally does not sit well with the main stream of of international socialism. This was made evident in the 1960-2 Sino-Soviet split. With that said, the Leninist theory of imperialism asserts, just as Marx's view of capitalism asserted, that capitalism cannot function without leading to crises and revolutionary situations. Both theories rest their optimism on the demonstration that there are forces within capitalistic or imperialistic society that are not bound by vested interests or other fetters of consciousness enough to lead mankind toward a better future. The inevitable doom of imperialism and the existence of revolutionary forces are the center of Lenin's idea.

The primary reason people use satire to criticize politics or any other matter is that people are less guarded and worried about your ideas if you couch it in satire. Mark Twain aimed specifically for this.

In his "To the Person Sitting In Darkness" Twain is showing the immoral path America has set itself on by trying to establish an empire similar to those of European governments of the time. He despises the path of brutality and inhumanity that the Americans have set for themselves as their nations policy in dealing with inferior races both in their own country (the aboriginal population) but also China and the Philippines also disparages the role of churches and their missionaries in the spread of the American dream in foreign countries on the pretext of spreading the Christian religion. The satire he uses is similar to, but much more overt, than Kipling's "The White Man's Burden"

The Colonialism paved the way for the growth of Big Industries. before colonial period there were only self sufficient villages where people use to produce the goods manually in their homes in accordance with the requirement of their village community. But with the expansion of colonialism all over the world the demand for the goods increased considerably. gradually the production style was completely changed under to meet the greater demand. the people started work collectively and the small scale industries came into existence. But with the growth of science the missionaries were being introduced in the field of production. It was inevitable to meet the greater demand of the goods all across the world. this paved the way for factory system which in turn resulted in the growth of capitalism as middle class people who were capable of invest the capital became the factory owners and accumulated huge capital at the cost of the labor provided by the working class people

So the growth of Capitalism, Exploitation of working class people, increasing gap between haves and have nots in the society, were some of the most important nagative effects of colonialism