Intel 8086 and 8088

The 8086/8088 is a 16 bit computer running on a 20 bit address bus. Processes use a segmented memory architecture to access one of four 64kb memory segments from a physical space of 1mb.

To interface a stepper motor with the 8086 microprocessor using the 8255 Programmable Peripheral Interface (PPI), you first configure the 8255 in mode 0 for simple I/O operations. The control lines of the stepper motor are connected to the output ports of the 8255. The microprocessor sends a sequence of pulses to these ports to energize the motor coils in the correct order, effectively rotating the motor in steps. To achieve a 90-degree rotation, the number of pulses sent corresponds to the required steps based on the step angle of the motor (e.g., for a 1.8-degree stepper, you would send 50 pulses).

Code segment
assume cs:code
mov si,1500h
mov di,1600h
mov ax,[si]
mov bx,[si+2]
add ax,bx
mov [di],ax
mov [di+2],dx
mov ah,4ch
int 21h
code ends
end

The Program Counter (PC) and Stack Pointer (SP) are 16-bit registers in certain architectures, like the x86 architecture in its real mode, because they are designed to address memory locations directly within a 64KB address space. Using 16 bits allows these registers to hold values ranging from 0 to 65,535, which corresponds to the maximum addressable memory in that mode. This design choice was influenced by the historical context of early computing when memory sizes were smaller and 16-bit processing was common. As architectures evolved, larger registers and addressing modes were introduced to accommodate greater memory requirements.

Intent to offset payment refers to a party's intention to deduct or withhold a payment owed to another party due to a debt or obligation that the latter has to the former. This legal concept is often used in financial transactions or contracts where one party seeks to balance out what is owed against what they are owed. It can arise in various contexts, such as loans, services rendered, or contractual agreements, and typically requires proper documentation to support the offset claim.

The 8086 microprocessor disables the INTR (interrupt request) input upon reset to ensure a stable and predictable startup state. This prevents any pending interrupt requests from being acknowledged immediately after the reset, which could lead to unintended behavior or system instability. By clearing the interrupt flags and disabling INTR, the processor can initialize its internal state and configure its operation before handling interrupts. After reset, the INTR input can be re-enabled through software instructions.

The 8086 microprocessor has several types of flags, categorized into two main groups: status flags and control flags. Status flags include the Zero Flag (ZF), Sign Flag (SF), Parity Flag (PF), Carry Flag (CF), and Overflow Flag (OF), which indicate the outcome of arithmetic and logical operations. Control flags include the Direction Flag (DF), which determines the direction of string operations, and the Interrupt Flag (IF), which enables or disables interrupts. Additionally, there is a Trap Flag (TF) used for single-step debugging.

8085 is a microprocessor designed by Intel

arm executes all instrctins in single cycle.but controller takes more than one cycle

The mode is the value that appears most frequently in a data set. The maximum is the highest value, while the minimum is the lowest value in that set. The range is calculated by subtracting the minimum from the maximum, indicating the spread of the data. Together, these measures provide insights into the distribution and variability of the data.