Persian Empire

It was 18,000 Athenian warriors who ran back after their successful battle at Marathon to protect Athens from assault by sea in their absence. They ran back when they realised that the Persian cavalry was heading to Athens on ships. They ran the 26 miles, arriving just as the Persian cavalry was disembarking to take the city.

There is a fake story that Pheidippides ran back to tell of the Marathon victory. He was already dead, dying from exhaustion after running to Sparta to summon them to held repel the Persian invasion.

Never. The famous Battle of Chaeronea that united Greece under Macedonian Hegemony took place in 338 BCE. Philip II of Macedon and his son Alexander led an army of Greek allies to defeat the opposing Athenian forces and the Greeks who allied with them.
Whenever a Greek state became supreme, that supremacy entailed the depression of some states and the dependency or subjection of others. As the eminent historian, J.B. Bury writes, "Athens was reduced to a secondary place by Macedon, and Thebes fared still worse; As the hegemony or first place among Greek states had passed successively from Athens to Sparta, and to Thebes, so now it passed to Macedon". After Philip II's assassination, his famous son Alexander the Great would go on with the Corinthian League that was forged from this battle, to conquer the Persian empire all the way to India.

They Conquered Diffrent civilizations, when they conquered civilizations they had enough humane to let them govern themselves.

First of all there was never Spartan Persian war.Only Persian invasion of GREECE. The Spartans fought alongside other Greeks in second of those invasions which were in 490 and in 480 BC. The Persians were defeated by ALLIED army of GREEKS, with navy lead by Athens and ground forces by Sparta. In first invasion Persians were defeated by only Athens and her allies.

Persia was a cradle of science in ancient times. Persian scientists contributed to the current understanding of nature, medicine, mathematics, and philosophy.

Persians made important contributions to algebra and chemistry, invented the wind-power machine, and the first distillation of alcohol. Trying to revive the golden time of Persian science, Iran's scientists cautiously reach out to the world. Many individual Iranian scientists, along with the Iranian Academy of Medical Sciences and Academy of Sciences of Iran, are involved in this revival.

Iran is an example of a country that has made considerable advances through education and training, despite international sanctions in almost all aspects of research during the past 30 years. Iran's university population swelled from 100,000 in 1979 to 2 million in 2006. Seventy percent of its science and engineering students are women.

The plan to invade Persia was his father's, Philip II of Macedonia.

Alexander was to be part of the expedition as a subordinate commander. When Philip was assassinated just prior to his departure to Asia, Alexander took over, as his elder brother Arrhidaeus was mentally damaged from an attempt to poison him (this and Philip's assassination raise questions about the roles of Alexander and his mother Olympias).

Philip was murdered in 336 BCE. Alexander led the expedition against Persia two years later 334 BCE when he had settled Greek uprisings after Philip's death.

In 499 BC several Greek cities in Asia Minor rebelled against Persian rule. To help their fellow Greeks, a few city-states in mainland Greece sent soldiers to join the fight against the Persians.

The Persians put down the revolt, but Darius was still angry with the Greeks. Although the cities that had rebelled were in Asia, Darius was enraged that other Greeks had given them aid. He swore to get revenge on the Greeks.

The Persians did not come from Mesopotamia - they were a vassal of Media, which they took over and then with their help, conquered the Babylonian Empire in Mesopotamia. They then expanded this empire to include all the Middle East, Egypt and east as far as today's Pakistan. This empire lasted for two hundred years until taken over by Alexander the Great.

404 BCE after Spartan admiral Lysander captured the entire Athenian fleet at Aigospotamai in the Dardanelles. He then sent all Athenians in the Aegean home to ensure the city starved out all the sooner.

Elizabeth 1 expanded the British empire

Jews have returned to Jerusalem. However, there is no Jewish group seriously considering rebuilding the Temple as this would require destroying the Dome of the Rock Shrine of the Muslims and probably start a massive war.

The Persian Empire had many religious practices, and the rulers made no attempt to change this. The cult used by the Persian upper class was Zoroastrianism - a religion codified by Zoroaster (Zarathustra) with a high god Ahura Mazda (Great Light).

King Solomon built the first Temple in 957 BCE with resources provided by his father King David.

The second temple was allowed to be built by King Cyrus of Persia while the Jews were exiled in Babylon (536 BCE). Cyrus made a proclamation that the Temple in Jerusalem would be rebuilt, and the surviving Jews would return to rebuild it. This edict was supported by King Darius (522-486 BCE) who followed King Cyrus. This is described in the book of Ezra.

they had the same pantheistic (many gods) view that most cultures had back then. that is, they could walk into a new land, and they would ask what the local gods were in that land.

ex: the proto-Greeks, the egyptians, the ethiopians, the lybians, the medes, the thracians.... they all built temples to local gods like jove/Jupiter, Athena/minerva and on and on.

during the rise of Cyrus the great and such, most of the mediterreanean world and beyond consulted oracles, who were said to get their wisdom directly from the gods. oracle at Delphi, oracle at Dodonia

Cyrus, king of Persia.

Yes.

"But while all this was going on, I was not in Jerusalem, for in the thirty-second year of Artaxerxes king of Babylon I had returned to the king. Some time later I asked his permission and came back to Jerusalem." - Neh. 13:6-7

The first day of spring.

the yellow fabric you are talking about is called Pitambar according to Hindu Mythology . It is a holy yellow silk fabric worn by God & Goddess.

Cyrus the Great in 538 B.C.E.
King Cyrus (Hebrew: Coresh).