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Poisons and Toxins
Poisons are chemicals that adversely affect living organisms at the molecular level. Regardless of whether they're inhaled, absorbed, or digested; targeted toward a specific organism or broad in scope; or whether they're acute or chronic, a large enough dose of poison will result in severe illness or death. Please direct all questions regarding poisons, including their chemistry, uses, control, effects, and antidotes, into this category. If you are having an immediate issue with a possible poisoning, you should contact your local poison control or emergency medical center right away.
2,055 Questions
What material was used to power the seismic equipment left on the lunar surface by Apollo missions?
Plutonium-238 was used as the power source for the seismic equipment left on the lunar surface by the Apollo missions. This radioactive isotope provided a long-lasting and reliable source of energy for the instruments to continue collecting data on moonquakes and the lunar interior.
What energy is found in flute?
The energy found in a flute comes from the vibrations of the air column inside the instrument when a player blows air across the mouthpiece. This energy is converted into sound waves that produce the flute's musical tones.
NO!!!!
pi ~ 3.14
pi ~ 3.141592
pi = 3.141592.....
pi is an Irrational number . This means that the decimals go to infinity and there us no regular order in the decimal digits.
Any value given for 'pi' is only an approximation.
When learning in school of circles, and you are given pi = 3.14 or 3.1416 or 22/7 , these are only approximate values, and just given for ease of calculation.
pi has been calculated to at least 50 billion places and still going!!!!
There are over 5000 species of ladybugs. Many of them do contain chemicals which smell and taste bad in order to deter predators; some of them can spray these chemicals when threatened. However, I don't think any of them are actually poisonous.
Bacteria that make you sick by producing toxins?
Toxigenesis, or the ability to produce toxins, is an underlying mechanism by which many bacterial pathogens produce disease. Examples of this are: Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Clostridium tetani, Clostridium perfringens and Streptococcus pyogenes.
What happens if you inhale dettol?
Inhaling Dettol can cause irritation to the respiratory tract, leading to symptoms such as coughing, shortness of breath, and sore throat. In severe cases, it can cause difficulty breathing and chest pain. It is important to seek medical help immediately if you inhale Dettol.
Why does a person vomit after consuming concentrated salt solution?
The person starts vomiting due the process of osmosis in the stomach. The cells in the stomach lose all the water because the solution is hypertonic, and when there is excess of water in the stomach, the person starts vomiting. Hope that helps!!
Toxicologists are typically paid by government agencies, academic institutions, research organizations, pharmaceutical companies, environmental consulting firms, and private industry clients who require toxicology expertise for risk assessment or product development.
How has the body evolved to avoid ingesting toxins?
The body has evolved to avoid ingesting toxins by developing mechanisms such as taste aversion, which causes a dislike for foods with potential toxins, and by increasing the sensitivity of the digestive system to detect and expel harmful substances. Additionally, the liver plays a crucial role in detoxifying ingested toxins by metabolizing and eliminating them from the body.
What type of toxin can be found in the pong pong fruit?
The kernels/fruit of C. odollam (commonly known as the Suicide tree, Pong-pong, and Othalanga) contain cerberin, a potent alkaloid toxin related to digoxin, a poison found in foxglove. The poison blocks the calcium ion channels in heart muscle, causing disruption of the heart beat. This is most often fatal. Cerbera odollam bears a close resemblance to the Oleander bush, another highly toxic plant from the same family.
Is the gallbladder of a hyena poisonous?
All Africans know that a hyena's liver ( not gallbladder ) is deadly poisonous . For centuries , African have used this poison to kill their enemies .
It is also obvious that other animals and insects are aware that a hyena is poisonous . Dead hyenas don't get eaten by scavengers , lions , or insects .
How does poison affect the earth?
Poison can contaminate soil, water, and air, harming plants, animals, and humans. It can disrupt ecosystems, reduce biodiversity, and lead to long-term environmental damage. Overall, poison can have a detrimental impact on the earth's health and balance.
Then there will be no build up of protons in the outer lumpen of the mitochondria. Without a heavy concentration of hydrogen ions ( protons ) there there will be no moment of hydrogen ions down their concentration gradient through the ATPase pump and no ATP generated.
Does an endospore release toxins?
Endospores themselves do not release toxins. Endospores are dormant, resistant structures produced by some bacteria to survive harsh conditions. However, when the endospore germinates and the vegetative cell grows and replicates, it can produce toxins.
What do other organisms have that prokaryotes don't?
Prokaryotes differ with other organisms in
they don't have definite nucleus, nuclear envelop is absent. nucleolus is absent. no mitosis instead they show amitosis mediated by divisomes ( septasome ) which include the protein FtsZ ( filaments that are temperature sensitive Z ).
What happen when a sample is aspirated into the flame?
When a sample is aspirated into the flame in atomic absorption spectroscopy, the solvent evaporates, leaving the atoms in the sample in a gaseous state. These atoms are then heated in the flame, causing them to reach an excited state. As they return to their ground state, they emit light at characteristic wavelengths that are detected by the instrument to determine the concentration of the element in the sample.
Some solvents are poison, some solvents are not poison.
Also it depends on the dose of the solvent you are exposed to that ultimately determines if something is poison, everything is poisonous at a high enough dosage!
Even water (the universal solvent, that life would be impossible without) is poisonous if you drink too much (I do not mean drowning). When you drink too much water the electrolytes in your body become so dilute that nerves and other cells can no longer communicate and you die of water poisoning!
What will happen if radiation gets on your skin?
it depends. if it was a lot of radiation, it could burn your skin.
Answer:
Radiation comes in multiple types from multiple sources. In fact, skin is our body's primary defense against the forms that we normally encounter every day from a variety of sources, including the sun, electronic devices, the earth itself, etc... If a person is exposed to certain kinds, in high enough doses, or for prolonged periods, it causes burns. A common example is a simple sunburn. In a less common example, this can cause severe burns, blisters and complete disintegration of the skin itself, not to mention the tissue underneath. A larger danger of widespread radiation exposure is to the environment itself, especially food and water, as this bypasses our skin, essentially cooking us from the inside out. This leads to a variety of medical problems including cancer and birth defects.
Bromides are toxic because they can accumulate in the body, leading to bromism. Symptoms of bromism include neurological effects such as confusion, memory impairment, and seizures. In high doses, bromides can also cause respiratory failure and death.
Why do the crystals of Bt toxin produced by some bacteria do not kill the bacteria themselves?
toxin is inactive:
In bacteria, the toxin is present in an inactive form, called prototoxin, which gets converted into active form when it enters the body of an insect
Which two plants are poisonous?
- any of these are posionous
- Aconitum
- (Aconite, wolfsbane, monkshood) (Aconitum napellus). The poison is concentrated in the unripe seed pods and roots, but all parts are poisonous. Causes digestive upset, nervous excitement. The juice in plant parts is often fatal. It is a quick-acting poison often used to coat poisonous arrows in Asia.
- Adenium obesum
- . Also known as Sabi Star, Kudu or Desert-rose.The plant exudes a highly toxic sap which is used by the Meridian High and Hadza in Tanzania, to coat arrow-tips for hunting.
- Agave
- . The juice of a number of species causes acute contact dermatitis, with blistering lasting several weeks and recurring itching for several years thereafter.
- Abrus precatorius
- , known commonly as Jequirity, Crab's Eye, Rosary Pea, 'John Crow' Bead, Precatory bean, Indian Licorice, Akar Saga, Giddee Giddee or Jumbie Bead in Trinidad & Tobago. Particularly dangerous as the brightly-coloured seeds (usually black and red) are commonly used in jewellry and easily eaten by children.
- Angel's Trumpet
- (Brugmansia). All parts of the plant contains the tropane alkaloids scopolamine and atropine. Often fatal.
- Autumn crocus
- . The bulbs are poisonous and cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea. Can be fatal.
- Azalea
- . (Azalea ssp.) All parts of the plant are poisonous and cause nausea, vomiting, depression, breathing difficulties, coma. Rarely fatal.
- Bittersweet nightshade
- (Solanum dulcamara). All parts are poisonous, containing solanine and causing fatigue, paralysis, convulsions, and diarrhea. Rarely fatal.[2]
- Bleeding heart
- (Dicentra cucullaria)/Dutchman's breeches. Leaves and roots are poisonous and cause convulsions and other nervous symptoms.
- Black locust
- . Pods are toxic.
- Black nightshade
- (Solanum nigrum). All parts of the plant except the ripe fruit contain the toxin glycoalkaloid solanine.
- Blister Bush
- (Peucedanum galbanum). All parts are poisonous, and contact causes painful blistering that is intensified with exposure to sunlight.
- Blue-green algae
- (Anacystis cynea and Anabaena circinalis)
- Calabar Bean
- (Physostigma venenosum) Also known as ordeal beans due to their former use in trials by ordeal. Contains the alkaloid physostigmine.
- Caladium
- / Elephant Ear. All parts of the plant are poisonous. Symptoms are generally irritation, pain, and swelling of tissues. If the mouth or tongue swell, breathing may be fatally blocked.
- Castor oil plant
- (Ricinus communis). The phytotoxin is ricin, an extremely toxic water-soluble protein, which is concentrated in the seed. Also present are ricinine, an alkaloid, and an irritant oil. Causes burning in mouth and throat, convulsions, and is often fatal.
- Cerbera odollam
- . Colloquially known as the Suicide Tree, the nut contains cerberin, which stops the heart.
- Cocklebur
- (Xanthium spp.). Seedlings and seeds are poisonous to livestock.
- Daffodil
- (Narcissus (genus)). The bulbs are poisonous and cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Can be fatal. Stems also cause headaches, vomiting, and blurred vision.
- Daphne
- (Daphne sp.). The berries (either red or yellow) are poisonous, causing burns to mouth and digestive tract, followed by coma. Often fatal.
- Darnel
- / poison ryegrass (Lolium temulentum). The seeds and seed heads of this common garden weed may contain the alkaloids temuline and loliine. Some experts also point to the fungusergotor fungi of the genus endoconidium, both of which grow on the seed heads of rye grasses, as an additional source of toxicity.[3]
- Datura
- / nightshade. Contains the alkaloids scopolamine and atropine. Datura has been used as a hallucinogenic drug by the native peoples of the Americas and others.[4]Incorrect dosage can lead to death.
- Deadly nightshade
- (Atropa belladonna). All parts of the plant contain the toxic alkaloid atropine. The young plants and seeds are especially poisonous, causing nausea, muscle twitches, paralysis; often fatal.
- Deathcamas
- / black snakeroot. All parts of the plant are poisonous, causing nausea, severe upset.
- Delphinium
- . Contains the alkaloid delsoline. Young plants and seeds are poisonous, causing nausea, muscle twitches, paralysis, often fatal.
- Doll's eyes
- . Berries are highly poisonous, as well as all other parts.
- Dumbcane
- / dieffenbachia. All parts are poisonous, causing intense burning, irritation, and immobility of the tongue, mouth, and throat. Swelling can be severe enough to block breathing, leading to death.
- Elderberry
- . The roots are considered poisonous and cause nausea and digestive upset.
- European Holly
- (Ilex aquifolium). The berries cause gastroenteritis.
- Excoecaria
- (milky mangrove, blind-your-eye mangrove, river poison tree).
- Foxglove
- (Digitalis purpurea). The leaves, seeds, and flowers are poisonous, containing cardiac or other steroid glycosides. These cause irregular heartbeat, general digestive upset, and confusion. Can be fatal.
- Frangipani
- (Plumeria spp.). Contact with the sap may irritate eyes and skin.
- Giant hogweed
- is a phototoxic plant. Its sap can cause phytophotodermatitis (severe skin inflammations) when the skin is exposed to sunlight or to UV-rays. Initially the skin colours red and starts itching. Then blisters form as in burns within 48 hours. They form black or purplish scars, which can last several years. Hospitalisation may become necessary. Presence of minute amounts of sap in the eyes can lead to temporary or even permanent blindness.
- Gifblaar
- (Dichapetalum cymosum). Well-known as a livestock poison in South Africa; this plant contains the metabolic poison fluoroacetic acid.
- Hemlock
- (Conium maculatum). All parts of the plant contain the relatively simple alkaloid coniine which causes stomach pains, vomiting, and progressive paralysis of the central nervous system. Can be fatal; it is the poison that killed Socrates. Not to be confused with hemlock trees (Tsugaspp), which are not edible but are not nearly as toxic as the herbaceous plant Conium.
- Hemlock water-dropwort
- (Oenanthe crocata). Carrot-like roots poisonous to livestock.
- Henbane
- . Seeds and foliage poisonous.
- Horse-chestnut
- . All parts of the plant are poisonous, causing nausea, muscle twitches, and sometimes paralysis.
- Holly
- . Berries cause vomiting, nausea, and diarrhea.
- Hyacinth
- . The bulbs are poisonous, causing nausea, vomiting, gasping, convulsions, and possibly death.
- Ivy
- . (Hedera helix)The leaves and berries are poisonous, causing stomach pains, labored breathing, possible coma.
- Jequirity
- . The seed is extremely poisonous.
- Jerusalem cherry
- . (Solanum ssp.). All parts, especially the berries, are poisonous, causing nausea and vomiting. It is occasionally fatal, especially to children.
- Jimson weed
- / datura / thorn apple / stinkweed / Jamestown weed (Datura stramonium). All parts of the plant are poisonous, causing abnormal thirst, vision distortions, delirium, incoherence, coma. Often fatal. A significant grazing livestock poison in North America.
- Laburnum
- . All parts, especially the seeds, are poisonous, causing excitement, staggering, convulsions, coma; occasionally fatal.
- Larkspur
- (both Delphinium and Consolida spp).[5]Young plants and seeds are poisonous, causing nausea, muscle twitches, paralysis. Often fatal.
- Lilies
- . Most are poisonous, especially to cats.
- Manchineel
- (Hippomane mancinella). All parts of this tree, including the fruit, contain toxic phorbol esters typical of the Euphorbiaceae.
- Mayapple
- (Podophyllum peltatum). Green portions of the plant, unripe fruit, and especially the rhizome contain the non-alkaloid toxin podophyllotoxin, which causes diarrhea, severe digestive upset.
- Monkshood
- . All parts of the plant are highly poisonous. Ancient warriors used it to poison their enemies' water supplies. Used in the past for killing wolves. Causes burning, tingling, and numbness in the mouth, then the intestine, followed by vomiting; death by asphyxiation.
- Moonseed
- . The fruits and seeds are poisonous, causing nausea and vomiting. Often fatal.
- Mother of Millions
- (Kalanchoe tubiflora). These plants are deadly to livestock, and there is every indication that they are toxic to humans.
- Mountain Laurel
- (Kalmia latifolia). All parts of the plants are poisonous.
- Oak
- . (Quercus ssp). Most species' foliage and acorns are mildly poisonous, causing digestive upset, heart trouble, contact dermatitis. Rarely fatal. Consumed, after proper processing, as a staple in many parts of the world.
- Oleander
- (Nerium oleander). All parts are toxic, containing nerioside, oleandroside, saponins, and cardiac glycosides, but especially the leaves and woody stems. They cause severe digestive upset, heart trouble, contact dermatitis. Very toxic. The smoke of burning oleander can cause reactions in the lungs, and can be fatal.
- Ongaonga
- (Urtica ferox). Even the lightest touch can result in a painful sting that lasts several days.
- Passiflora caerulea
- (P.caerulea) sap and rotten leaves cause death or heart-attacks.
- Passiflora foetida
- (P.foetida) bract have the poison to kill insects, while unripe fruit are poisonous and contains sodium that can kill people.
- Poison ivy
- (Toxicodendron radicans), Poison-oak (T. diversilobum), and Poison sumac (T. vernix). All parts of these plants contain a highly irritating oil with urushiol (actually not a poison, but an allergen). Skin reactions can include blisters and rashes. It spreads readily to clothes and back again, and has a very long life. Infections can follow scratching. As stated, this is an allergen, and the toxin will not affect certain people. The smoke of burning poison ivy can cause reactions in the lungs, and can be fatal.
- Pokeweed
- (Phytolacca sp.). Leaves, berries and roots contain phytolaccatoxin and phytolaccigenin. Toxin in young leaves is reduced with each boiling and draining.
- Privet
- (Ligustrum sp.). Berries and leaves are poisonous. Berries contain ligustrin and syringin, which cause digestive disturbances, nervous symptoms. Can be fatal.
- Redoul
- . (Coriaria myrtifolia). A mediterranean plant. The fruits are poisonous, often fatal in children.
- Rhus
- lancia | African sumac (Rhus lancia). Closely related to poison ivy, all parts of this tree contain low levels of a highly irritating oil with urushiol (actually not a poison, but an allergen). Skin reactions can include blisters and rashes. It spreads readily to clothes and back again, and has a very long life. Infections can follow scratching. As stated, this is an allergen, and the toxin will not affect certain people. The smoke of burning rhus lancia can cause reactions in the lungs, and can be fatal.
- Stinging Tree
- (Dendrocnide excelsa, Stinging tree) and similar species. The plant is capable of inflicting a painful sting when touched. The stinging may last for several days and is exacerbated by touching, rubbing, and cold. Can be fatal.
- Strychnine Tree
- (Strychnos nux-vomica). The seeds of the strychnine tree usually contain about 1.5% strychnine, an extremely bitter and deadly alkaloid. This substance throws a human into intense muscle convulsions and usually kills within three hours. The bark of the tree may also contain brucine, another dangerous chemical.
- Water hemlock
- (Cicuta sp.). The root, when freshly pulled out of the ground, is extremely poisonous and contains the toxin Cicutoxin. When dried, poison is reduced to roughly 3 to 5 percent of that when fresh.
- White Snakeroot
- (Ageratina altissima) All parts are poisonous, causing nausea and vomiting. Often fatal. Milk from cattle that have eaten white snakeroot can sicken, or kill, humans (milk sickness).
- Yellow Jessamine
- . All parts are poisonous, causing nausea and vomiting. Often fatal. It is possible to become ill from ingesting honey made from jessamine nectar.
- Yew
- (Taxus baccata). Nearly all parts of the Yew contain toxic taxanes, except the red fleshy aril surrounding the toxic seeds.[6][7]Yew seeds are especially toxic if chewed.[8]Several people have committed suicide by ingesting leaves and seeds.[9][10]
- Zantedeschia
- (Lily of the Nile or Calla lily) Zantedeschia is highly toxic and may be fatal if eaten.
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a type of amine synthesized by plants and animals and frequently involved in signaling, e.g., neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine, catecholamines, and serotonin; others are hormones or components of vitamins, phospholipids, bacteria, or ribosomes, e.g., cadaverine, choline, histamine, and spermine...
What part of the cell poison detoxification?
The endoplasmic reticulum in the cell plays a significant role in detoxifying harmful substances through a process called biotransformation. This involves enzymes such as cytochrome P450 that modify toxins to make them more water-soluble and easier to excrete from the body. Additionally, the Golgi apparatus helps package these detoxified substances into vesicles for removal from the cell.
Which organelles is responsible for detoxification of poisons?
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is the organelle responsible for detoxification of poisons in a cell. It contains enzymes, such as cytochrome P450, that aid in the breakdown of toxins and drugs. This process helps to make the toxins more water-soluble so they can be eliminated from the body.
Does viruses releases harmful toxins?
Viruses themselves do not release toxins. Instead, they replicate and spread by hijacking the host cell's machinery. However, some viruses can cause infected cells to release toxins as part of the immune response, leading to symptoms of illness.
