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Southeast Asia
The countries of Southeast Asia include: Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Brunei, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, and the Philippines. They have a unique history, regional interaction, culture, food, and religious makeup from nearby areas and regions.
995 Questions
What were the forces driving imperialism in southeast Asia?
The THREE forces that drove Imperialism:
1- The Industrial Revolution in particular provided European countries with a reason to add lands to their control
2- New markets and raw materials to improve their economies
3- World War II
What are the natural resources of Southeast Asia?
East Asia has rich natural resources ranging forests, land and animals. Currently, East Asia is becoming more and more successful as time passes by.
What effects did imperialism have on southeast Asia?
In southeast Asia, the imperialists applied to principal of maximum extraction of natural resources, then focusing on improving the infrastructure of the occupied countries. Industries such as mining, agricultural and exports grew. However, the slow moving wheels of bureaucracy caused resentment and led to demands for self determination from nationalistic groups.
How did Hinduism spread to south east Asia?
Tribes who were present in India before arrival of proto Vedic tribes:
Before arrival of protoVedic tribes, there were mainly three major groups.
(*proto Vedic: period that was before classical Vedas,Vedas and Vedic people in its classical form resulted after assimilating Indian sub continents thoughts and people respectively)
1. Meenavars
(Meena tribes of north India, Matsya or Machcha kingdom of vedic age, pandiyas of south are their **cultural descendents)
2. Villavars
(Bhils of north India, illavars of srilanka, cheras, munda dravida tamils, Billavas of Tulunadu of Karnataka, izhavars of kerala are their cultural descendents)
3. Nagas
(Pockets of people spread over Nepal , bunts, Naga people of Sri Lanka, north eastern countries, nairs of kerala , nagavanshi of north India, naidus of Andhra etc are their cultural descendents),
Also look Book: The Tamils Eighteen Hundred Years Ago By V. Kanakasabhai
Meenavars and Villavars were allies and spread south of Iran and Afghanistan in prehistoric times. [There are still pockets of Dravidian speaking groups in these areas. (Brahui)]
After that Naga tribes came. Villavars and Meenavars were fighting against (or not considered friendly) Nagas; but were gradually pushed to the southern parts of peninsula. This was achieved by Nagas with the help of new tribes calledprotoVedic tribes popularly known as Aryans.(Migrated from Russia, andranova, -iran to India.)
After the arrival of proto Vedic tribes:
ProtoVedic people mixed with local population assimilating their culture and people. But, retained their proto Vedic background; notably, the importance given to priesthood. They can be called as Vedic tribes
Relation between Nagas and Vedic tribes were mixed in the sense if they were allies or not. As at some point of time they were allies like at the time of hostility between Meenavars and Villavars. But some time both Nagas and Vedic tribes were hostile.
Indraprasta ( capital city o pandavas) was made after displacing Naga people who was inhabited there before. They might have been trying to regain their territory from Vedic people, as we can read from Mahabharata that Parikshit is killed by a Naga warrior Takshaka who came to his court in disguise.
(Alliance between Nagas and yaadavas:
To protect Krishna from Kamsa; Vasudeva, with the help of chief of Naga warriors named Ananta, took Krishna to Vrindaavan.)
Tribes who were present in India before Meenavars, Villavar and Nagas.
This of migration process might have happened before, as there was other indigenous tribe who were present before Meenavars Villavar groups, probably Australoid people, can be present 'tribes' of Orrisa, Bengal, kerala etc. (though cannot be tell for sure, and as mixing of population had occurred).
But the Andaman tribes are considered the oldest tribes who came to India even before the Australoid people.
Some of the proofs of this can be seen from below:
Santals tribes of Orrisa believed in a religion called santhal. They believe in the supreme deity, who ultimately controls the entire universe (Thakurji). And the most important spirit is Maran Buru (Great Mountain) is that mount Meru of Africa?
Different path of Evolution of people, culture, language, script:
Evolution of people, culture, language, script, will not be in same path. Tamil language and script are evolved from different source. (Modern Tamil language from proto Dravidian, script from brahmi belonged to Phoenicians)
Like that cultural descendant may or may not be genetical descendant.
Some time culture goes away, people, language stays. Some time language stays in a region, but people, culture, script migrates away.
For example the people of Brahui in Pakistan and Afghanistan speak a Dravidian language. The people (with exceptions) are not Dravidian people, but the area belonged to the Dravidian speaking people in prehistoric time
Examples for that can be seen in present time. For example people of South Africa now speak non native English language which is foreign and was not evolved with them.
Contrary to that Konkani people of kerala though foreign, speak native Malayalam
Process of pushing:
This process of "pushing" of one tribe from their native lands was not swift. As we can see the culture, language and people of proto Vedic tribes and the other tribes migrated to India before them mixed so well that is difficult to distinguish.
(For example: Mother of Vyaasa,Satyavati belonged to matsya kingdom. The Matsya tribes who were there before proto Vedic people)
Proofs:
Languages:
Take Sanskrit the Retroflex phonemes (as in peet'ham, or mangalam is not common in indo-Iranian languages like Avesta (close cousin of proto Sanskrit). Also words like 'iti', kumāra in Sanskrit, which show the influence of Dravidian language on Sanskrit
Genetical studies:
Genetical studies also show thorough mixing of these people over centuries so that it is unable to differentiate
Belief systems
Take the beliefs proto Vedic people gave more prominence to devas and asuras. Siva and kali was a god of prehistoric India and Indus valley people, naagaaradhana was predominant among Naga people. But later trimoortis got more importance and devas became semi gods.
It is to be noted that the 'first' avatar of Vishnu occurred in south India or among Dravidian tribes (in fact the story ofmatsya purana is same as story of Noah's ark in bible. the story belonged to whole human tribes in the form of Deluge myth)
But all were revered irrespective of cultural back ground. All these show that, they have been together for a long time. This may be due to the fact that in early times there was no reluctance among cultures to mix.
We can still see this phenomenon in Nepal, were Hinduism and Buddhism is not separated in to two groups.
Name Krishna
There were many people with name 'Krishna- "the black one" in Mahabharata, Ramayana and puranas suggesting that the Vedic people had lived along with indigenous population in harmony. Some prominent ones with name that indicate their colour as you know are Vaasuseva Krishna, Draupati (also Krishnaa), Vyaasa (Krishna Dvaipayana), Ishvara Krishna ( samkya philosopher)
Caste system in India.
Different groups or tribes came to a place at different intervals under the influence of caste system labeled as different castes. One interesting pattern is that the one who came last would become higher caste.
For example izhawars of kerala were actually come from three sources.
One group was Muda Dravidian Tamils. Second one was the Buddhist people who came from Magadha during the period of emperor Ashoka and his successors. The other was Sinhala warriors who came to help chera kings, who were also the Villavar tribes (Izhawars). The community had farmers, physicians (vaidyars) warriors (kalari), rulers (chera rulers) and priests.
But as the Naga people came and defeated Villavars, power shifted to Nagas. The titles of Cheraman were then awarded to Nagas (which were the title given to Villavar rulers earlier.).
Things again changed when Brahmins came to kerala, society got divided in to caste system.
But many prominent families of Nagas and Villavars were absorbed or converted in to Brahmin class and class Kshatriya (also in the reverse order) at early stages of migration. But later caste system became strong and the divide became clear and unable to cross over as it happened in other parts of India.
(See other example, Bhils of north India is considered as Kshatriya were izhawars of south as lower class though belonging to same stock.)
Thus to some extend caste system is the preservation of groups migrated to a place at different times.
Traditions other than Vedic tradition:
Hinduism in its present form is rooted on 10 philosophical schools and 2 unorganized philosophies namely
1.Sankhya school-
"consciousness, in an evolving primordial Matter, trying to achieve a higher equilibrium(satva) defying inertia ( tamas) by using active forces ( rajas)"
2.Yoga school,
A school emphasizing meditation closely based on Samkya ( in later stages) It concerned principally with the cultivation of the mind using meditation (dhyana) to further one's acquaintance with reality and finally achieve liberation.
3.Nyaya school or logics
It believed that obtaining valid knowledge was the only way to obtain release from suffering
4.Vaisheshika school:
school of atomism says universe is build by minute particles which is being controlled by universal consciousness
5.Mimamsa school, Emphasised on the ritualistic vedic tradition
6.Vedanta school, Emphasised on the philosophical vedic teachings, notabily monoism and non duality, the goal of Vedanta is a state of self-realization or cosmic consciousness
7.Buddhist school: (Shramana school) Emphasis on karma, liberation from suffering, Noble Eightfold Path and middle way.
8.Jainist school: (Shramana school) Every living soul as potentially divine. When the soul sheds its karmic bonds completely, it attains divine consciousness. It prescribes a path of non-violence to progress the soul to this ultimate goal.
9.Cārvāka school: Not believed in those which cannot be perceived.
10.Ajivaka school : believes in fate, which dictates one's life.
11(Folk hindu).Nature worship- saktiyism mother earth goddess, city goddess,snake worship (nagaradhana), mountain gods, kaavu.
12. Ancestor soul worship- (karanavar aatma).believes that a family is protected by ansistors.
All these were both atheistic and theistic (in context of belief in god) at some point or other in history.
Among this the 5 and 6 recognized Vedic authority. First 3 recognized Vedic authority partially (or from some point of time in history.). 7, 8 and 9 don't recognized Vedic authority.
Fusion of above philosophies and beliefs of the other indigenous people like ancestor worships and nature worships resulted in the three main Indian religions in its present form (Hinduism Buddhism and Jainism)
Olden times philosophies of India were broadly classified as Brahmanas ( or Brahmanae by Greeks) (of Vedic tribes) and shramanas or ( Sarmanae by Greeks) (7, 8 &9). Later, by name Smartist (Vedic) and shramanas (non Vedic).
Major characters of Hindu belief:
1. Pre Vedic (folk) - based on local believes
2. Vedic - Based on vedic belief
3. Shramana -based on nonvedic believes.
4. Smartist -based on vedanta,upanishad
5. Puranic- based on stories of puranas, ramayana, mahabharata, bhagavat gita.
6. Karmic -based on karma, duty,yoga etc
7. Bhakti - Based on practice of worship.
Why was the United states unwilling to let Japan expand into Southeast Asia?
Japan's empire was expanded by military force and by a singular brutality that some people cannot understand even today. That got the attention of more than a few people and caused the U.S. to "oppose" the expansion. But let's back up. Most of us are familiar with the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. But what was Japan doing before that? Japan had been expanding its power base for almost 50 years prior to the suprise attack on the U.S. Naval base in Hawaii. The Japanese military acted against China, defeating them in 1895 to take Korea from them. Russia was next, and the eastern portion of Asia above Korea fell in 1905 when the Japanese defeated Russian naval forces. Korea was annexed and became a Japanese colony in 1910. All this occurred under the weight of Japanese military force. World War 1 came and went, and little was done to change things in this part of the world. Japan sided with the Allied powers and was still running the western Pacific area. There was opposition through all this time, but it didn't begin to affect any real change to reduce the grip of the Japanese. Hints of democracy emerged in the 1920's, but the depression and the enconomic hardships were allowing military leaders to increase their influence over the country and things slipped. Hitler came to power in the 1930's and Japan consolidated its influence by invading China in 1937 to take even more control of the region. The Japanese had been and continued to build up their military forces. Hitler cut loose in Europe. Japan aligned themselves with him. Europe fell completely to German control (save for England). The Japanese decided to attack Pearl Harbor in a tactical proactive military strike. The U.S. entered World War 2, which had been grinding on for some time already. We had finally been forced to step up and check the Japanese, which we did. None of this brought back the millions of Chinese, Russian and Korean people the Japanese killed building up their empire. Need links? You got 'em.
What were the causes of the Second Indochina War?
From 1946-1954, the Communist backed Viet Minh battled the French to remove them from Indochina.
ASEAN or The Association of Southeast Asian Nations was established on 8 August 1967 in Bangkok by the five original Member Countries, namely, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand.
Brunei Darussalam joined on 8 January 1984, Vietnam on 28 July 1995, Laos and Myanmar on 23 July 1997, and Cambodia on 30 April 1999.
== The aims and purposes of the ASEAN Association are
(i) to accelerate the economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region through joint endeavours in the spirit of equality and partnership in order to strengthen the foundation for a prosperous and peaceful community of Southeast Asian nations,
(ii) to promote regional peace and stability through abiding respect for justice and the rule of law in the relationship among countries in the region and adherence to the principles of the United Nations Charter.
In 1995, the ASEAN Heads of States and Government re-affirmed that "Cooperative peace and shared prosperity shall be the fundamental goals of ASEAN."
How did the US get involved in a war in southeast Asia?
The U.S. became involved in the Vietnam War first by sending over Military advisors to help train the South Vietnamese Military in all types of combat operations(example-recon patrols/ air assault operations/ facs air support for ground forces).Then in 1964, North Vietnamese gunboats attacked U.S. ships in the Gulf of Tonkin,President Johnson Ordered the U.S. Navy and the Airforce to strike back at selected targets in North Vietnam. In 1965, President Johnson ordered Army and Marine units into South Vietnam to strike at the enemy in South Vietnam.The U.S. Marines landed in Da-Nang and cleared the area of V.C. .The Armys' 1st Air Cavalry took the fight to the NVA in the Battle of Ia Drang Valley.This Battle was the first mass use of Helicopters as a way to transport troops & their equipment ,fly the wounded and dead to medical units and fly support using helio gunships.
What was the response the US placed on japan when they took over french military bases in indochina?
The US placed an oil embargo upon Japan because they had been invading other nations to take their oil and natural resources. The Japanese were killing innocent people in China and other places to get the resources they needed. The US demanded they leave those nations and stop stealing oil and other natural resources.
What happened to Vietnam indochina after the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?
The French were defeated by the Viet Minh May 7th 1954.
This marked the independence of French Indochina, which was subsequently split into North Vietnam and South Vietnam until 1975.
What is the cause of imperialism in southeast Asia?
Causes and Effects of Imperialism
Aim: What were the causes and effects of Imperialism?
Who: US, Japanese, French, British, Indian, African
What: Imperial powers and their imposed rule on subject lands & Mixed motives, competition, legacies
When: 19th-20th century
Where: Europe, Africa, India, Japan, Pacific, America
How: Industrialization equipped imperial powers with effective tools
Why: To gain natural resources, to subdue potential enemies, to acquire land
Modern Imperialism and Colonialism
- Domination by industrialized countries over subject lands
- Two types of colonies (Ruled and populated by migrants & Controlled by imperial powers)
- Cecil John Rhodes (1853-1902) - Entrepreneur and prime minister of Cape Colony
- Economic (Rubber, tin, and copper & Rubber plantations in Congo River)
- Political (Colonies as harbors and supply stations for naval ships & Defuse internal tension)
- Cultural (Christian Missionaries in Africa and Asia & Rudyard Kipling: Raised in India and justified expansion with "white man's burden")
- Transportation (Steamboat gun-ships reached Africa/Asia & Railroads organized communication)
- Telegraph (1870s) development of submarine cables, Firearms & Muskets to rifles to Maxime guns to Machine guns
- Battle of Omdurman, Infrastructure
- Suez Canal (1859-1869) and Panama Canal (1904-1914) lowered costs of trade
- Mughal decline and EIC take over 1750s & Built trading cities in Calcutta, Madras & Ruled with sepoys (sepoy revolt 1857) & Cartridges in wax paper greased with animal fat & Attacks on British civilians & Imperial rule replaced EIC & Viceroy and civil service represented authority & Stamp of British culture on Indian environment & Outlawed sati & Opium and Coffee
- Central Asia (British, French, Russians compete for central Asia & The "Great Game")
- Southeast Asia (Dutch: Indonesia [Dutch East Indies] & British establish rule in Burma 1880s & French: Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, 1859-1893)
- European powers seized almost entire continent between 1875-1900
- Britain establishes strong presence in Egypt, Rhodesia (Suez Canal)
- Britain seized Cape Colony (Trek of Afrikaners-they went inland and established independent republics; Orange Free State)
- European exploration of rivers (Nile, Niger, Congo, Zambesi)
- King Leopold II of Belgium starts Congo Free State, commercial ventures
- South African (Boer) War 1899-1902 (Started with discovery of gold in their lands & Britain defeated Afrikaners and converted Boer republic into British colonies)
- The Berlin Conference (1884-1885) - (European states and the US set the ground rules for the colonization of Africa)
- (1900) all of Africa was under European powers except Ethiopia and Liberia
- (1770) James Cook reached Australia
- 1000 settlers establish colony in New South Whales
- Diseases decrease aboriginal populations
- Settlers force indigenous population onto marginal lands
- Gold discovered 1851
- Most islands claimed by France, Britain, Germany and US
- The Monroe Doctrine: all Americas a U.S. Protectorate (Roosevelt Corollary)
- Manifest Destiny
- (1867) purchased Alaska from Russia
- (1875) established protectorate over Hawaii (Locals overthrow queen in 1893, persuade US to acquire islands in 1898)
- Panama Canal (U.S. gains territory to build canal)
- US declares war in Spain after battleship Maine sinks
- Treaty of Paris- Possession of Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines, Cuba
- US intervenes in Caribbean, Central American lands
- Filipinos revolt against Spanish rule, later against US rule (Philippine- American War)
- Led by Emilio Aguinaldo
- Resentment over Unequal Treaties of 1860s by the United States and Europeans
- 1870s colonized northern and southern region
- 1876 Japanese purchase warships from Britain, dominate Korea
- Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) with China fought over Korea results in Japanese victory
- Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) also ends in Japanese victory making them into a major imperial power
- Europeans migrate to temperate lands
- Africans, Asians, and Pacific islanders migrate to tropical/subtropical lands
- Colonial rule caused the transformation of crops
- Indian cotton for British textiles industry
- Introduction of new crops - Tea in Ceylon
- Rainforests converted to tea plantations
- Rebellions against colonial rule (Maji Maji Rebellion (1905-1906) & Rebels use "magic water" &75,000 insurgents died)
- Development of "Scientific" Racism (Combines with theories of Charles Darwin (1809-1882) to form pernicious doctrine of Social Darwinism & Count Joseph Arthur de Gobineau (1816-1882))
- Ram Mohan Roy (1772-1883), Bengali called "father of modern India"
- Reformers call for self-government, adoption of selected British practices
- Influence of Enlightenment thought, often obtained in European universities
- Indian National Congress formed 1885
- 1906 joins with All-India Muslim League
What role did Cambodia play in the Vietnam war?
Cambodia was caught in the middle. Powerful hostile NVA forces within their country; and a powerful US force wanting to destroy those NVA forces. A neutral Cambodia wanting no part of either, but unable to stop either one.
Why did the french come to indochina?
The invasion was about border dispute between the Kampucheans and Vietnamese government. As Pol Pot wanted his nation to become "year zero" a utopia and agrarian society. As vision of following his theory of "year zero" he wanted the "lost" land which belongs to Khmer Empire long ago but the Vietnamese took it. As the Kampucheans negotiate with Vietnam about give their "land" back, the Vietnamese immediately rejected their claim. Pol Pot assign a invasion to Vietnam island, Phú Quốc. The Khmer Revolutionary army captured Phú Quốc, but the Vietnam People's Army quickly re-captured it again. Massacre was against the Vietnamese people who were living in Phú Quốc. As a return the VPA invaded Democratic Kampuchea with 120,000 troops and captured Phnom Penh in 17 days two years later from the Khmer Rouge invasion of Phú Quốc. They setup a pro-Vietnamese government in People's Republic of Kampuchea with a puppet. As a revenge, the Khmer Rouge seek for the Chinese for action, Eventually the Chinese attempt to invade Vietnam. PRC was defeated. There was 2 reason why they lost.
1. They did not reach to Hanoi
2. They did not get the Vietnamese out of Cambodia.
And there you have it -
Vietnam invaded Cambodia because Khmer Rouge massacre in Phú Quốc. (South of Cambodia)
What are three political systems in southeast Asia?
There is quite a mixture of different government styles in Southeast Asia, including the following:
1) "Communist" Leninist States: (Vietnam & Laos) Leninism is the political theory that a single party rules the government and governs all affairs as opposed to individual politicians. Vietnam and Laos are often improperly called Communist countries and the confusion stems from the fact that the single party that rules these countries calls itself the Communist Party. However, these Communist Parties do not practice Communist political theory, but rather state-directed, right-wing economic and political theory.
2) Presidential Republics: (Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia) A Presidential Republic have governments where all citizens over a certain age can vote for political parties that occupy seats in a legislature as well as a President who is the chief executive. While there are issues of fraud and corruption in Presidential Republics in Southeast Asia, they provide their citizens the most straightforward route to choosing their leaders. The level of corruption is substantial enough that these Presidential Republics are are considered to be Illiberal Democracies. This means that while the Presidential Republic looks like a Liberal Democracy on paper with guaranteed voting rights, freedoms of speech and religion, constitutions that bind the authority of the Executive, but these paper rights do not actually exist.
3) Constitutional Monarchies: (Thailand) There are some Kingdoms where the King is constrained by a Constitution and requires a Parliament to pass laws. However, the strength of the Parliament in Thailand is less than European Constitutional monarchies and the politicians are typically considered untrustworthy (while the King is well-received).
4) Monarchic Leninist Hybrid: (Cambodia) This form of government is an unusual hybrid of numbers 1 and 3. There is a king who has some executive authority, but his authority is eclipsed by a separate legislature and executive. However, as opposed to most other constitutional monarchies, the Monarchic Leninist Hybrid does not have a democratically elected parliament or legislature. Instead, it has a single Leninist Party that runs the country.
5) Military Juntas: (Myanmar) Myanmar is organized as Military-Run Governments with the leaders officially styling themselves as Presidents but being perceived as Caudillos. As opposed to the leaders of Illiberal Democracies, even the Constitutions of their countries (which are useless) do not legitimate them in the way that Illiberal Democratic Dictators are legitimated on paper.
6) Absolute Sultanates: (Brunei) There is no difference between a Kingdom and Sultanate except that the rulers have different names (King vs. Sultan). The monarch of an Absolute Sultanate controls their people through direct edicts and typically run a nepotistic government.
What country colonized indochina?
This is a question that is answered differently depending on political orientation.
According to the Vietnamese, the first colonizers of Vietnam were the Chinese who attempted to integrate Vietnam into China at several points over the last 2000 years. (Of course, the Chinese argue that Vietnam was a province of China that managed to break away from Chinese control in fits and starts.)
Outside of Vietnam, especially in the West, the colonization of Indochina (which included Vietnam) under the French is considered the first colonization of Vietnam. They disqualify the Chinese invasions either because the Chinese Occupation was distinct from colonization as it would be practiced in the Imperialist Period or because of the Euro-centric idea that only Western countries can colonize.
Which war did the US fight in southeast Asia in the 1960s and the 1970s?
North Vietnam=Air War
South Vietnam=Ground & Riverine War
What was the purpose of the southeast Asia treaty organization?
The purpose of SEATO was to block further communist gains in southeast Asia.
Why is the vietnam war called the indochina war?
It was called the "dirty war" (la sale guerre) by the French communists and leftist intellectuals during the Henri Martin affair in 1950 because it aimed to perpetuate French imperialism.
What was the main reason Japan invaded Southeast Asia during World War 2?
Japan wanted a sphere of influence in Asia,and wanted to show the European powers that had colonies there (British, Dutch, French, etc)that a new "era" had dawned and that the Asian people were not going to accept Western rule. That was the most promulgated propaganda used. The major reason was more economic based as Japan was in great need for raw materials (as Japan was poor in this area). Japan was especially lacking in petroleum and SE Asia also provided rubber, rice, and a market to sell finished goods to.
The Japanese attacked southeast Asia because they needed the natural resources that were available there in order to prosecute their war in China and expand their sphere if influence in the western Pacific. Tis was triggered in part by a US oil embargo against Japan.
How did Islam spread to the islands of southeast Asia?
Islam spread to the island of southeast Asia through traders and merchants. Many of the city states in Malaysia and west Indonesia had a strong maritime trading orientation and as a result, accommodated many Muslim merchants from Arabia, India, and the East African coast. As a result, the ideas of Islam became incorporated in those areas, supplanting the previous Buddhism. In the rest of Southeast Asia, such as Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Burma, and Vietnam, the orientation was much more inland and river-based trade, meaning that Islam did not have the same inroads and access.
What are the advantages of Malaysia joining asean?
You can travel visa free (or visa on arrival) within ASEAN.
And get scholarship from Singapore!
What is the most populated country in Southeast Asia?
Indonesia is the most populated country in Southeast Asia and also the 4th in the world. The most populous island of Indonesia is Java.
