Engineering

A scientist who studies the reaction between carbonates and acids would likely be a chemist specializing in inorganic chemistry. They would investigate how carbonates react with acids to form carbon dioxide gas, water, and a salt, studying factors like reaction kinetics, stoichiometry, and driving forces. This research may have applications in various fields such as environmental science, materials science, and geochemistry.

Section Modulus is moment of inertia divided by distance from center of gravity to farthest point on the cross-section or I/c. The units of Moment of Inertia is distance^4 so the units of section modulus is distance^3 ( distance cubed ). So if your units are in meters: I/c = (m^4)/(m) = m^3

Some of the standard instruments used to measure length are a ruler, meter scale, measuring tape, vernier caliper, and screw gauge. To measure very long lengths like the length of a road we use measuring tape

South Africa is where it's at for deep mines. And what are they digging for? Gold! AngloGold Ashanti's Savuka mine near Carletonville is currently the world's deepest mine at just less than 3.8km below the surface. Gold Fields mines Driefontein will be the world's deepest mine at 4.1km below the surface and Kloof will be the second deepest mine at 4km underground when their extensions are complete. They're digging them now. At this stage AngloGold Mponeng mine is official the deepest mine in the world and the current project will take it another 300 meters deeper.

A clamp is a mechanical tool used to hold objects firmly together. It is typically used to secure materials while glue dries, during welding or woodworking, or to hold objects in place for cutting or drilling. Clamps come in a variety of types and sizes to suit different applications.

Electrons carry a negative electrical charge. A neutron does not have a charge, it is neutral.

The density of diesel fuel oil (20 to 60) at 15 degress Celsius is 820 to 950 kg/m3. In other words, it has from 82 to 95 percent the density of water, or specific gravity (relative to water) of 0.82 to 0.95.

Metals fill the s, d, and f orbitals. Nonmetals only fill the p orbitals thus giving us more metals on the table of elements. The greater question is why is this so? complicated answer but I will give it a try. Electron attraction to the nucleus obeys the inverse square as is evident in Coulomb's law. As the electron move away from the nucleus by the addition of shells (energy levels) the "pull" it feels to the nucleus drops off as a square of the distance. This means the electron's drop in attraction is an exponential drop. Draw yourself an exponential graph, with the greatest attraction at the top, quickly dropping off toward zero. At the top of the graph (left of the table you drew) are the nonmetals who feel a strong attraction toward the nucleus and so behave as nonmetals. Notice in the graph this represents very few elements along the X-axis. The bulk of elements fall beneath this.................exponentially............s, d, and f blocks flow sorta exponentially away from the nucleus. Leaving the few elements in the p block to behave as nonmetals.

Stress, in geology, is pressure and can result in an earthquake should the stress in a rock layer suddenly slip when the rock fractures and there is a sudden movement between the two surfaces.

Materials that are poor conductors of heat include wood, plastic, rubber, and glass. These materials have low thermal conductivity, meaning they do not easily transfer heat. This property makes them suitable for applications where heat retention or insulation is required.

Holes for blasting vary in size from an inch to several inches depending on the application. Depth will vary across applications as well. The effective diameter of a blast will depend on the size of the charge, the depth in which it is placed and the type of material that is being blasted. And all of this will vary as widely as the application. In commercial mining applications, it is unusual to make a single hole and pack a single charge to make a shot. This ups the challenge to estimate the amount of material that will be displaced, but the professionals who do this blasting can make these estimates.

It is mainly used to predict arrangement of atoms within large biological macromolecules.
It determines X,Y,Z coordinates of all atoms.
It is used to find three dimensional structure of a molcule, so that it can be docked with a ligand molecule.

Uncrystallized atoms or molecules lack the regular repeating pattern required for a simple cubic structure. Without charges to attract and hold them in place, uncharged particles are unable to align themselves in the precise geometric arrangement needed for crystallization in a simple cubic lattice. Additionally, the absence of charges reduces the forces that could help stabilize the structure, further hindering the formation of a simple cubic lattice.

Semiconducting tape is a material used in power cables to create a smooth transition between the insulation and the metallic shield. It helps to evenly distribute electric field stress along the cable, reducing the risk of electrical breakdown and ensuring efficient power transmission. This tape is typically made from a special compound that has semiconducting properties to enhance the overall performance and reliability of the cable.

A hot plate thermolyne is a type of laboratory equipment used for heating substances in scientific experiments. It typically consists of a flat surface that can reach high temperatures and is commonly used for tasks such as heating solutions or melting solids in a controlled manner.

Nitralloy

the generic name of a group of structural steels used to manufacture nitrided parts. The main alloying elements of nitralloys are aluminum, chromium, molybdenum, and vanadium, which form fine-crystalline hard nitrides that impart a high hardness (Vickers hardness, up to 1200) and wear resistance to the nitrided surface layer. The most common nitralloys in the USSR are 38KhMIuA and 38KhIu steels. Type 38KhMIuA steel, which is used in the manufacture of critical parts, contains 0.15--0.25 percent molybdenum, in addition to aluminum and chromium. The molybdenum increases hardenability, moderately improves the ultimate strength of the core of the part, and prevents the development of temper brittleness during nitriding.

Fireworks are designed with an enclosed shell containing an explosive compound along with chemicals that produce colors and effects. When the fuse is lit, it ignites the explosive compound, causing rapid expansion of gases that create enough pressure to break the shell and release the colored particles in the sky. The specific combination of chemicals and timing is what creates the visual and auditory display we see.

The water content in sludge from a sewage treatment plant typically ranges from 70% to 98%, depending on the type of treatment process used and how dewatered the sludge is. The remaining percentage consists of solids, which can include organic matter, inorganic materials, and pathogens.

The design temperature in Kampala, Uganda is typically around 25-27 degrees Celsius, with humidity levels ranging from 70-80%. These values are used as reference points for building design and HVAC system sizing.

The BTU, or British Thermal Unit, is a unit of energy, worth about 1055 joules. BTUH is a non-systematic abbreviation standing for British Thermal Units per Hour. You could take a total amount of energy in BTU and divide it by the time over which it is produced (or used) to get BTUH. However, you are not converting one to another as BTU is a measure of energy and BTUH is a measure of power.

I tried to answer this question 4 times but WikiAnswers won't accept the code word to submit it, even though it is correct all 4 times. Converging / diverging nozzles are used with compressible fluids (gases, including steam) to increase their velocity. The converging section (cross-sectional area decreasing in the direction of flow) increases the velocity until it reaches the velocity of sound in the gas (sonic velocity - "Mach 1"). At that point, further reduction in area would slow the gas down, but increasing the cross-sectional area in the direction of further flow allows the gas to expand and increase its velocity to supersonic. If you only had a converging nozzle the maximum speed of the gas could only be subsonic or sonic. The diverging portion of the nozzle needs to be added to achieve supersonic speeds. The converging-diverging nozzle (also known as DeLaval nozzle) is used in steam turbines, most if not all rocket engines and all supersonic wind tunnels.

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Actually, gas flowing though a diverging nozzle LOSES velocity but gains pressure, and it is pressure in the impinging stream the turbine needs, not its velocity.

1. Different minerals can have similar colors, making it challenging to distinguish them.
2. The same mineral can come in various colors due to impurities or variations in its chemical composition.
3. Color can be affected by external factors such as weathering or lighting conditions, leading to inconsistencies in identification.

The solubility of oxides and other ceramic powders depends on what the solution and solvent should be. Temperature is also important. For example one definition of glass says that it is solid solution of natrium oxide, kalium oxide and silicium oxide. many kinds of steel are similarly defined as "interstitial solid solution of carbon in alpha-iron", etc.

As for the solubility of metal oxides in water, it is close to zero. The same for alcohols, ethers, alkanes, etc. The usual way of getting metal oxides into liquids is to mix suspension so fine that the powder will be hard to separate due to the brownian motion and such. Today you may order nano-powder as well.

Now to the point why somebody asked this: the cerium oxide is inert. The point when it becomes interesting is at higher temperatures when it can oxidize carbon for example at temperature much lower than the carbon will usually burn. Another useful property is that it will reduce nitrogen oxides and take the oxygen to form its ceric oxide state. This is used in car catalysts due to good efficiency and favorable price. Yet another use - which can be derived from wikipedia information already is chemical reaction with laughing gas - N2O to form really strong, orange oxidiser (forgot the name). I plan to test it in a rocket engine fuel soon.

Just to note - many combustion processes, whether in furnace, cars, rockets can not be enhanced, taken more power from them, because of the limited speed of reaction. That is where catalysts take place. Ceric oxide can act as a catalyst. When reacted with certain nitrous oxides it can take form of another chemical composition which acts as a strong oxidiser potentially increasing the speed of the reaction even further.

The maximum surface area of ceric oxide nano-powders ranges from 35-70 square meters per gram of the powder. Ordinary polishing powders do not have such large surface area since they are aimed for polishing, not as a catalyst.

P.S. if you really want more answers than this, ask me at http://zumotor.blogspot.com/

Trim in ships refers to the difference in draft between the bow and stern of the vessel. When a ship has a trim, it can affect the accuracy of tank soundings because the liquid in the tanks may not be level due to the sloping nature of the ship. This can lead to misleading readings and potential errors in estimating cargo quantity. It is important for crew members to account for trim when taking tank soundings to ensure accurate measurements.