Business Globalization

The Boston Consulting Group (BCG) analysis is a model approach used to assess product portfolios. It emphasizes two main criteria in evaluating a firm's product mix: the market growth rate and the product's relative market share.

it is the process of planing,strategy and development as well as searching for a pool of potential candiates to fill a vacant post on international level.

Yes.

Since the economies of the world are becoming more and more linked, when something goes wrong in one country, the effects are felt in other economies too. If for example a terrorist attack takes place in New York, other countries like England and South Africa are likely to suffer from lack of tourists and other things.

Globalization has made it possible for Nigerians to have access to goods and services that are not available locally. Globalization has also made it possible for Nigerians to access new markets for their products and services.

The Standard of Living in Argentina is Very good. The people, while they may be in an economical crisis, have plenty of money and food on average.

Sincerely,

Dr. J.P. Gordon

Sources: Doctorate in Economical Studies

PLICATIONS OF GROWING POPULATION IN INDIA

Population growth and its relation to economic growth has been a matter of debate for over a century. The early Malthusian view was that population growth is likely to impede economic growth because it will put pressure on the available resources, result in reduction in per capita income and resources; this, in turn, will result in deterioration in quality of life. Contrary to the Malthusian predictions, several of the East Asian countries have been able to achieve economic prosperity and improvement in quality of life in spite of population growth. This has been attributed to the increase in productivity due to development and utilization of innovative technologies by the young educated population who formed the majority of the growing population. These countries have been able to exploit the dynamics of demographic transition to achieve economic growth by using the human resources as the engine driving the economic development; improved employment with adequate emoluments has promoted saving and investment which in turn stimulated economic growth.

Following are the adverse effects of population growth on the Indian Economy:

1.adverse effects on savings

2. unproductive investment

3.slow growth of Per Capita Income

4.underutilization of labour

5.growing pressure on land

6.adverse effect on quality of population and

7.adverse social impact

Some forces in the global environment that lead to outsourcing include rising costs, low labor and technology. All businesses are interested in reducing costs, so they look for ways to save money.

provide money for industrial projects,helps develop mineral output,improve energy production,improves roads trains,provides new technology,develops trad links with other countries

It improves the countrie's (LEDC's) ecomony.

a) Intra-Industry Trade, b) Inter-Industry Trade, c) Intra-firm Trade, d) Inter-firm Trade

The modern world is a much smaller place than the ancient world! You can talk to someone across the globe, or log onto the internet and communicate with people from every country in the world.

The main effect that this has had on education is that more and more people have access to education now - if you can get to a computer, you can educate yourself and learn whatever you want. Some kids in countries like the UK and US take education for granted because we have had free education for so long, but if you live in a country where your government tells you that you can't go to school, an education is a miraculous thing!

8. International Efforts

Corruption is an international problem that requires international solutions. Much corruption occurs in international business, including international government procurement, where the Bank has a special interest. To be successful, efforts to reduce this kind of corruption must deal with it at its source in capital-exporting countries as well as in developing countries. Work along these lines is being carried out by international organizations, particularly regional organizations, and by international business groups. Acts of internal corruption often have international ramifications, as is the case when their authors flee to another country to avoid detection or prosecution or try to launder the proceeds abroad. Bank secrecy laws in some countries may hinder efforts of national investigators to trace the proceeds of bribery or other corrupt actions. Efforts are under way to improve international cooperation in the detection and prosecution of corruption and money laundering. Governments that are starting to deal with corruption have much to learn from those that have already mounted successful campaigns against it. Here too international organizations have started to collect the experiences of their members and to organize training and other programs aimed at sharing these experiences and developing the skills of the officials charged with dealing with corruption in their member countries.

Most of the efforts of international organizations are directed at the criminalization of corruption. Only to the extent that bribery is punished as a crime can the full government machinery, including police and the judiciary, be mobilized to fight it. Most common forms of corruption, such as bribery of public officials, are a criminal offense in most countries. Only the United States has enacted a statute specifically to criminalize international bribery. Regional international organizations, such as the Organization of American States and the Council of Europe, are drafting international conventions to establish minimum standards in defining corruption as a criminal offense. In addition, the OECD is drafting an international convention whose signatories would criminalize international bribery of foreign public officials.

As has been explained in the preceding chapters, the Bank's efforts to help its member countries combat corruption will focus on economic and policy reform and institutional strengthening. These efforts will complement those of other international organizations and business groups. The Bank's borrowers can benefit from the mutually reinforcing combination of the assistance the Bank is offering on economic and sector reform and institutional strengthening and the assistance the other organizations are offering on detecting and prosecuting corruption and related matters.

Current international initiatives

Although corruption of national officials is a criminal offense in most countries, transnational bribery generally is not. Making international corruption a crime will require changing laws or adopting new ones, as well as mechanisms to enforce them. Both will require parliamentary support and enforcement machinery. Except for the United States, which adopted the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act in 1977, countries have been reluctant to act unilaterally for fear of jeopardizing the business interests of their nationals by subjecting them to more stringent standards of behavior than their foreign competitors. International organizations provide a forum in which to agree on common definitions and standards and to coordinate actions. Regional organizations have sponsored international conventions making bribery (including international bribery) a crime.The Bank will lend its voice in support of these efforts.

The Organization of American States' Convention. The most advanced effort so far is the Organization of American States' (OAS) Inter-American Convention Against Corruption, adopted in Caracas, Venezuela, March 29, 1996. Twenty-three of the OAS' thirty-five members have signed the convention. The convention is now in force between the countries that have ratified it: Bolivia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Venezuela. The convention is open to ratification by all OAS member states, and any other state may accede to it.

Building on the convention, the OAS General Assembly adopted a comprehensive Plan Against Corruption at its meeting in Lima, Peru, in June 1997. Under this plan the OAS will provide support to its member countries and cooperate with local populations and other international organizations-including the Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank (which is also preparing a plan of action), and the OECD-in preventing and controlling corruption.

OECD Working Group on Bribery. The OECD initiative, begun in 1994, encourages member states to end the tax deductibility of bribes and criminalize the bribing of foreign officials. In 1996 the OECD Council adopted a recommendation on ending tax deductibility for foreign bribery, and member states, within the framework of their laws, are now amending legislation to reflect this recommendation. At its ministerial-level meeting in May 1997, the OECD Council endorsed the Revised Recommendation on Combating Bribery in International Business Transactions, prepared by the OECD Working Group on Corruption (in which the Bank participates as an observer). In particular, the ministers reaffirmed their commitment to criminalizing bribery of foreign public officials in an effective and coordinated manner. They recommended that member countries submit criminalization proposals to their legislative bodies by April 1, 1998, and seek their enactment by the end of 1998. They also decided to open negotiations on a convention to be completed by the end of 1997 with a view to its entry into force as soon as possible in 1998. Ministers also urged the prompt implementation of the 1996 recommendation on ending tax deductibility for foreign bribery.

In related work, at the May 1996 High Level Meeting the OECD's Development Assistance Committee recommended that members "introduce or require anticorruption provisions governing bilateral aid-funded procurement." Many countries have followed the same path as the Bank in making more explicit the action that will be taken if bribery is found.

The European Union. On May 21, 1997, the European Commission (EC) adopted a Communication to the Council and the European Parliament on a Union Policy against Corruption. This communication sets out the EC's comprehensive policy on corruption inside the EU as well as in its relations with nonmember countries. The communication deals with a wide range of actions, including the ratification of conventions criminalizing the corruption of EC officials and officials of member countries, eliminating the tax deductibility of bribes, reforming public procurement, accounting, and auditing systems, and so on. In the case of nonmember countries, the communication proposes to "establish a coherent anticorruption strategy in the area of its cooperation with third countries which benefit from EC assistance or have concluded cooperation or assistance agreements with the EC," and to establish special anticorruption programs, particularly in the applicant countries of Central and Eastern Europe.

The Council of Europe. The Council of Europe Programme of Action Against Corruption, prepared by the Multidisciplinary Group on Corruption and adopted by the Committee of Ministers in November 1996, serves as the basis for the preparation of a convention on corruption under which parties would agree to legislate (if necessary) to criminalize certain corrupt behavior. In addition, the Multidisciplinary Group on Corruption has undertaken work on the administrative and civil law aspects of corruption. The Council of Europe also provides technical assistance to its Eastern European member countries, and the Bank will participate in some of its activities.

The United Nations. In December 1996 the United Nations (UN) General Assembly adopted a Declaration against Corruption and Bribery in International Commercial Transactions, as recommended by the UN Economic and Social Council. Although not legally binding, the declaration's wording on criminalizing foreign bribery and ending its tax deductibility signifies broad political agreement in the international community on this matter. In February 1996 the UN General Assembly recommended that the Economic and Social Council take steps to prevent illicit payments.

Financial Action Task Force. The Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering has been active in addressing money laundering and expanding the list of offenses, including corruption, that constitute money laundering. The task force's forty recommendations include nondrug predicate offenses and require the criminalization of money laundering based on "serious offenses." This recognizes that it is practically impossible to distinguish between drug trafficking proceeds and their laundering and any other type of dirty money. Each jurisdiction is responsible for determining which crimes should be designated as money laundering offenses. This opens the way for countries to include corruption as an offense. Originally targeted at OECD countries, the forty recommendations are now also being addressed to middle-income countries in the hope that governments adopt them and cooperate with other authorities in international efforts to control money laundering. In this way national efforts can be supported by international action and vice versa.

International Business Initiatives. In March 1996 the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) issued revised Rules of Conduct to Combat Extortion and Bribery in International Business Transactions. The rules prohibit extortion and bribery for any purpose. They also recommend implementation of the 1994 OECD recommendation on curbing bribery in international business. The rules are not binding on ICC members, but corporations may endorse them voluntarily. To promote the new rules, the ICC has set up a standing committee of business executives, lawyers, and academics. ICC national committees mobilize support for the rules in their countries.

Nongovernmental organizations. NGOs around the world are participating in the efforts of local governments and other entities to curb corruption. Among the international NGOs, Transparency International (TI), based in Berlin, Germany, aims to curb corruption through international and national coalitions encouraging governments to establish and implement effective laws, policies, and anticorruption programs; build public support for anticorruption programs and enhance public transparency and accountability in international business transactions and public procurement; and encourage all parties to international business transactions to operate at the highest levels of integrity, guided by TI's Standards of Conduct. Transparency International has more than seventy national chapters that fight corruption at the national level, has contributed significantly to making corruption a public issue in the press and elsewhere, and is cooperating with international organizations (including the Bank) in actions against corruption.

Bank actions at the international level

The Bank's efforts to fight international corruption will focus on ensuring that its member countries derive the greatest benefit from the synergy between its activities and those of other international actors. To this end the Bank will work closely with other development finance institutions and the IMF and bring its experience to bear in deliberations with other organizations active in the fight against corruption. The Bank will:

mainly there are 2 types of factors affecting international business. 1) internal factors 2) external factors 1) internal factors:- internal factors of international business includes political parties,suppliers,buyers,competitors and consumer of respective country. 2) external factors:- external factors of international business are those where you need to examine the whole crietari these are political environment,legal environment,socio-cultural environment,demographic conditions of respective country.

While Sweden remained neutral throughout World War II, they did allow emergency landings by both Allied and Axis aircraft, mostly bombers that were too damaged and too distant from their home base to make it back safely. Especially for English and American airmen, sometimes the choice was ditch in the English Channel which was far too cold and they would risk drowning, or head for Sweden. However, because of Sweden's neutrality, many of the airmen were interned in camps (they weren't prisoners of war, instead, they were treated as guests who were not permitted to leave) until exchanges could be arranged (i.e., one American airman and one German airman).

Approximately 1200 American airmen would ultimately be interned in Sweden. But as the number of American airmen "overtook" any reasonable number of possible "exchanges," modified American bombers would make night time "courier" trips to Ireland and Scotland.

For a far more complete history of Swedish involvement in World War II and the American airmen interned there, I would suggest "'Making for Sweden . . . ' Part 2 - The USAAF 1943 to 1945" by Bo Widfeldt and Rolph Wegmann. ISBN: 1-871187-37-0

there are many merits of internationalism like Promotion of peace and harmony among countries , culture exchage, enhancment of trade with expanding markets for goods and services , betterment of international orgnizations, aggrements and treaties on the other hand there are many demerits of internationalism like global warming , copyright infringement on music and movies ,drug and/or arms trafficking ,resource depletion and distribution ,renewable and nonrenewable resources ,intellectual property ,terrorism ,nuclear materials control.

The advantages of working in a multinational are overseas working facility, travel opportunities, more chances of growth, good pay scale. Above all working in a multinational will probably give you a job satisfaction.

The global grid helps me see where the prime merdian is

It's a way that express who you are. You may speak many different languages or a few, for example, that's a benefit that globalization gives to you.

d term globalisation means an international intergration it is a process by which d d iverse countries of d world r brought 2 gether into 1 big whole as writters say in order 2 make 1 big glbal village

by jatin kothari

from JULIEN DAY SCHOOL

The technique is credited to Albert Humphrey, who led a convention at Stanford University in the 1960s and 1970s using data from Fortune 500 companies

Centralized Versus Decentralized: The terms "centralized" and "decentralized" are important management concept. Often, they are used to refer to the distribution of authority and decision making with in an organization. Centralized Organizations: They are firms in which all the major decisions are made at the top of the organization hierarchy. In such organization, people at the top are in control of day-to-day operations. In the year when founder Henry ford was running the Ford Motor Company, the auto manufacturer was a very centralized organization. Every key decision -and many less important ones was made directly by Mr. Ford. For example, he insisted on approving all purchase order within the firm, a task that most CEOs of his stature delegated to subordinates. Today, Ford Motor Company is run quite differently than it was during its early years when Henry Ford was there, but many businesses (especially smaller ones) are still run in highly centralized manners. Decentralized organization: In such organizations responsibility for key decision is distributed as far down in the management hierarchy as is prudently possible. One of the advantages of decentralization is that it gives lower-level managers substantial practice at making decision in preparation is that for moving up the management hierarchy.

doing business with making money through the exchanging of foreign currency this is called international financial management.

or

planning organizing directing & controlling of money value in foreign exchange this is called as an international financial management.