Muscular System

Lactic acid fermentation is a type of fermentation that sometimes occurs in humans. This process occurs in muscle cells when the oxygen supply is limited during intense exercise, leading to the production of lactic acid as a byproduct.

Superior oblique myokymia (SOM) is a neurologic disorder that affects vision. It is a problem concerning the fourth cranial nerve and its relationship to the superior oblique muscle. Superior oblique myokymia is a condition that presents as repeated, brief episodes of movement, shimmering or shaking of the vision of one eye, a feeling of the eye trembling, or vertical/tilted double vision. It can present as one or more of these symptoms. Diagnosis is most often made by the elimination of other conditions, disorders or diseases.

Muscle cells typically have more mitochondria compared to other animal cells. This is because mitochondria are responsible for producing energy in the form of ATP, which is essential for muscle contraction and movement. The abundance of mitochondria in muscle cells supports their high energy demands.

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When a nerve impulse reaches an axon ending, voltage-gated calcium channels in the axonal membrane open and calcium, which is extremely low inside the cell, enters the nerve ending. The increase in calcium-ion concentration causes hundreds of synaptic vesicles to fuse with the cell membrane and expel acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft (exocytosis). The acetylcholine released at a neuromuscular junction binds reversibly to acetylcholine receptors in the muscle end-plate membrane, a postsynaptic membrane that is separated from the nerve ending by a very short distance. The receptor is a cation channel which opens when two acetylcholine molecules are bound, allowing a sodium current to enter the muscle cell and depolarize the membrane. The resulting impulse indirectly causes the muscle to contract.

Muscle cells require more energy to fuel the contraction process, making them more metabolically active. Mitochondria are responsible for producing energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration. Therefore, muscle cells have more mitochondria to meet the high energy demands required for muscle function. Skin cells, on the other hand, are mainly involved in providing protection and barrier functions, requiring less energy and hence fewer mitochondria.

Cardiac muscle has what is known as intercalated disks. These connect heart muscle cells to each other, which allows an impulse (contraction) to move through the heart synchronously and therefore beat as it should.

Muscle cells can decrease in size and number as we age, a condition known as sarcopenia. This can lead to a loss of muscle strength and functionality. Additionally, there may be a reduction in muscle mass due to changes in protein synthesis and increased inflammation.

Muscles generate heat through the process of cellular metabolism, where fuel like glucose and fatty acids are converted into energy for muscle contraction. This process releases heat as a byproduct, helping to maintain the body's temperature. Additionally, muscle contractions themselves produce heat due to friction between sliding muscle filaments.

The longest body part in the human body is the small intestine, which is around 20 feet long on average. A body part that is 46 miles long does not exist in the human body.

Yes, oxygen is vital for producing energy. Oxygen enables the breakdown of glucose into energy through a process called cellular respiration. Therefore, more oxygen in the muscles can help produce more energy for physical activity.

The muscular system is comprised of skeletal muscles, tendons, and associated connective tissue. Organs such as the heart and smooth muscles in internal organs are not considered part of the muscular system.

The superior oblique muscle passes through the trochlea to change the direction of its pull, allowing it to have a more efficient and effective action on the eye. This unique anatomical arrangement helps the eye move smoothly and coordinate its movements for binocular vision.

The iris is made up of muscles and pigmented tissues that control the size of the pupil, allowing more or less light to enter the eye. It also gives the eye its characteristic color, which is determined by the amount and type of pigment present in the iris.

all systems need to maintain homeostasis. what do the body systems do to maintain homeostasis? is a better question to ask, which has many different answers. good luck!

• There are three kinds of muscles in our bodies: (1) Voluntary muscles, which include the skeletal and facial muscles; (2) involuntary muscles, which are found among the muscles in the blood vessels, intestines, stomach, bladder and uterus, and (3) heart muscle.

  Voluntary muscles are also termed "striated" or striped muscles, because under a microscope they show alternating light and dark stripes or ridges running crosswise. Most of these muscles are long and narrow, as in the arms and legs; but others are sheet like, as those of the abdomen and the back. Voluntary muscles are endowed with a rich nerve and blood supply so that they can accomplish their purpose. Some, such as respiratory muscles, might be said to be both voluntary and involuntary. We use them voluntarily when we take a deep breath, but most of the time, and especially when we are asleep; they work without any volition on our part.

  By way of contrast, involuntary muscles are termed "smooth," for they are without these striped ridges. With the aid of the electron microscope a striking and purposeful difference has been discovered between the structure of the voluntary and the involuntary or smooth muscles. In smooth muscles the filaments that do the actual work of contracting are arrayed in parallel, overlapping one another, and at an angle of as much as 10 percent to the long axis of the muscle cell. This oblique arrangement of the filaments in smooth muscles may give them as much as ten times the strength that they would otherwise have and so enables them to sustain forceful contractions over long periods of time. On the other hand, the way the filaments lie in voluntary or striped muscles, in series or end to end, permits them to move with greater velocity or speed. And the amount of contraction can be far greater than in smooth muscle.

  The muscle of the heart is in a class by itself. Because of its great work load it has a special kind of construction, making it the strongest muscle in man. In woman, only the muscle of the uterus, needed to expel a baby at birth, is said to be stronger. Heart muscle is constructed after the pattern of voluntary muscle, but it functions as an involuntary muscle.

The three types are:

1. skeletal muscle which move the bones of the skeletal system. These are also voluntary which means that you must use your mind to move them.

2. Smooth muscle which is found forming hollow organs of the body. The GI tract, the respiratory tract, the reproductive and urinary tracts. These are involuntary.

3. cardiac muscle which makes the heart contract. This type is only found in the heart. The cells beat on their own and also beat in rhythm with each other.

Tendons are fibrous connective tissues that connect muscles to bones. They help transmit the force generated by muscles to move the bones and joints. Tendons also provide stability and allow for smooth and coordinated movement of the body.

Automatic eye movements are controlled by a combination of brain regions, including the brainstem, cerebellum, and basal ganglia. These structures work together to coordinate smooth pursuit movements, saccades, and other reflexive eye movements to help us track objects, maintain balance, and focus on visual stimuli.

Neuromuscular patterning refers to the coordination and activation of specific muscle groups in a synchronized manner to carry out a movement or task efficiently. It involves the connection between the brain and muscles to create smooth and coordinated movements. Training neuromuscular patterning can improve movement quality, performance, and reduce the risk of injury.

Muscle cells increase in size (hypertrophy) and in number of mitochondria, which are responsible for producing energy. Additionally, exercise can lead to an increase in the concentration of myoglobin, which helps store and transport oxygen in the muscles.

The reason why cardiac muscle has a longer action potential is to extend the absolute refractory period to prevent another action potential. If too many action potentials stimulate the cardiac muscle it can get into tetanus which keeps the heart continuously contracted without relaxation.

The muscles contract harder based on how heavy the object is expected to be, putting more work in to lift heavier objects the same amount. However, if they put in too much work for an object, the motion over-compensates, and the muscles simply pull everything farther, often resulting in falling over.