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Engineering

Engineering is an art and profession devoted to designing, constructing, and operating the structures, machines, and other devices of industry and everyday life.

5,839 Questions

What is tendering?

After working in an Indian Tender System for a long time, I found that most of entrepreneurs are not fully aware of this essential system which is capable to raise their business to a peak. I found that most of them are uncomfortable with this system. But now a day's there are lots of Tender Service providers available in the market which helps you to participate in Tender System. We will talk later about such services but right now let's start talk from the base of the Tender System.

Basically Tender is a platform generated to offer a competition between different bidders offering same work, supply or service so that the quality work will be obtained at reasonable cost. However such process must ensure that there are no loopholes in the system so that any individual has a back door entrance or having an underhand connection. Generally tenders are published by Government sector however huge Private sector also publishes tenders for their required work service or supply.

There are different types of tenders, classified by different categories. They can be classified as follows

Tender according to their Sector

  • Government Sector Tender
  • Private Sector Tender
  • PSU(Public Sector Undertaking) Tender
Tender according to its boundary
  • Open Tendering
  • Restricted Tendering
Open Tenders: In an open tenders system, the publisher publishes the tender publicly via a public medium like local or national newspaper, government portal, website etc where any eligible party can participate. The eligibility to participate tenders has been decided by the publisher and few other authorities. Restricted Tenders: In Restricted tender system the publisher invite to some of the specific parties to participate in the tender. No other individual is able to participate in the tender.

Tenders according to stage

  • Single Stage Tendering
  • Multi Stage Tendering
Single Stage Tendering: In single stage tendering, the best bid done by an aspirant will win the tender. Multi Stage Tendering: Multi stage tendering is further classified in two parts.
  • According to the Technical and financial selection:In this type of system there are two proposals placed, one for technical proposal and financial proposal. First the technical proposal is reviewed and evaluated followed by financial Proposal
  • According to the Open tendering and then restricted tendering:In this type of system first the tender is being published as open tender and then the few selected individual will be invited to take part further.
Tenders can be issued through:
  • Expressions of interest (EOI) - The participants are shortlisted before detailed declaration of project.
  • Request for information (RFI) - It is similar to EOI in which the publisher wants to gather information about some specific parties/companies and then the eligible one will be invited to participate.
  • Request for proposal (RFP) - The companies/Parties has to submit only technical proposal as innovative solution is needed.
  • Request for quotation (RFQ) -Used when there is a specific requirement of goods or service. The best priced quotation get the tender.
  • Request for tender (RFT) - It is just an open tendering and the advertisement has been given in public media like newspaper, Website, etc.
It is observed that many aspirants who fulfill the eligibility to participate in tender will lose the tender just because of lack of perfect documentation. The perfect documentation will improve your chance to win the tender. We will discuss later about the "Things to keep in mind while filling a tender".

What is the outside of the space shuttle made out of?

Most of the surface of the shuttle is covered with special insulating materials designed to protect the airframe and the people inside from the extreme heat of re-entry. The insulating materials also protect them from the cold temperatures and radiation of space while they are aloft. Different areas have different properties, depending on the amount of heat protection required.

The nose cap and wing leading edges are exposed to the highest heat during reentry - more than 1,260 °C (2,300 °F). Carbon fiber-reinforced carbon (aka carbon-carbon, abbreviated C/C) is used here.Note that while C/C has excellent thermal resistance & thermal shock resistance and a low thermal expansion coefficient, it is not as impact resistant as some of the other materials. It is believed that damage sustained during takeoff to the C/C on the leading edge of one of the wings to the space shuttle Columbia was the cause of the catastrophic failure during reentry that destroyed that shuttle.

Most of the underside of the fuselage is covered with either high-temperature reusable surface insulation (HRSI) tiles (coated LI-900 Silica ceramics) or fibrous refractory composite insulation (FRCI) tiles. These are a little tougher than the C/C and tolerate temperatures up to about 1,260 °C (2,300 °F).

Flexible Insulation Blankets (FIB), a quilted, flexible blanket-like surface insulation is used where reentry temperature is below 649 °C (1,200 °F). Earlier shuttles used Low-temperature Reusable Surface Insulation (LRSI) tiles on the upper fuselage and some may remain, but most or all of these were replaced by FIB as the shuttles were refurbished after each flight.

Starting in 1996 some tiles on the belly of the shuttle and elsewhere were also replaced with Toughened Unipiece Fibrous Insulation (TUFI) tiles.

The top and sides of the shuttle are exposed to much lower temperatures so white Nomex felt blankets are used on the upper payload bay doors, portions of the midfuselage and aft fuselage sides, portions of the upper wing surface and a portion of the OMS/RCS (Orbital Maneuvering System/Reaction Control System) pods. Nomex is a flame resistant meta-aramid, kind of like Kevlar. Kevlar is a para-aramid), but stiffer and with better temperature, chemical, and radiation resistance.

Each type of insulation has specific heat protection, impact resistance, and weight characteristics, which determine the locations where it is used and the amount used.

Can you use IS 2062 gr A in place of SA 36?

can i use sa36 for is2062 material & what is the electrod i want to use

What is the function of splitter?

Splitters typically have 3 labels: ADSL, Phone and Line. To use a splitter you connect your telephone devices (eg phone, fax or answering machine) to the connection labelled phone, your ADSL modem to the ADSL connection and the line to the wall socket. If you have other telephone wall sockets in the property on the same telephone line you will need to plug in filters between the phone and the wall socket.

In addition to the user installable spliter in the photograph above, you can have a central splitter (see right) installed by a telephone technician. A central splitter is installed on the telephone line before the first phone point in the property. Thus the central splitter protects the all the phone exensions from the ADSL signal. A new phone point is wired into the central ADSL splitter specifically for the ADSL modem. The ADSL modem will not work on any other point in the property.

Central Splitters are sometimes used when user installable splitters and filters do not result in a reliable ADSL connection

What will a UPS be used for in a building?

To provide power to essential equipment

ANSWER: it does not provide any power at all Not until there is a input power interruption then the UPS will take over the function of providing power to the building or even facility.

Uninterpretable Power System It works continuously as a bypass without power delivery to the facility.

How do you do Matrix on pedestal drill machine?

To perform matrix drilling on a pedestal drill machine, first, secure the material firmly on the drill table using clamps. Select the appropriate drill bit for your matrix design and adjust the speed settings based on the material type. Carefully align the drill bit with your marked points on the material, then gradually lower the drill to create the desired matrix pattern. Always wear safety gear, such as goggles and gloves, and ensure the area is clear of obstructions before starting.

What is the relationship between reliability and failure rate?

MTBF = 1/failure rate R(t) = e (-t/MTBF) http://www.vicorpower.com/documents/quality/Rel_MTBF.pdf

Is calcium a metal or nonmetal?

The element calcium is a metal. It turns out that calcium (Ca) is in Group 2 of the periodic table, and all the elements in Group 1 and Group 2 are "true" metals.

How do you explain indirect communication between two processes. explain it with direct communication.?

Guys, remember! when human beings want to communicate each other they must have link to communicate even directly or indirectly. We can't share our feelings if we don't cooperate or communicate each other. In such way , in the computing environment, IPC provides a mechanism to allow processes to communicate and to synchronize their activities. IPC is the best provided by a message system. Message system can be defined in many different ways between the processes. Processes can communicate using the files, through the pipes, and processes could communicate through the variables that are shared between them as well as An IPC facility provides at least the two operations --send (message) and receive (message). If the processes want to communicate they must have a way to refer to each other. They can either directly or indirectly. This kind of communication between the processes is detailed below;

Direct Communication: In the Direct Communication, when two processes want to communicate each other they must know the name explicitly. Otherwise message may not be delivered correctly and the obstruction can create in the communication. The two operations defined in a direct communication system are send (send message to process message) and receive (receive message from process). The links in such kind of environment are established automatically with exactly one pair which exist only one link. The link may be unidirectional or bi-directional.

Indirect Communication: in indirect communication environment the processes can communicate if they have share a mailbox, where the messages are received from mailboxes which is known as ports. Each mailbox has a unique ID. In such kind of communication mechanism the links are established only if two processes share a common mailbox where one process sends message to apposite mailbox and other process picks the messages from the mailbox. The two operations defined in an indirect communication are "send" a message to mailbox and "receive" a message from the mailbox.

Define social construct?

define social constuction define social constuction

How works condensing turbine?

A condensing turbine operates by expanding steam generated from boiling water, which drives the turbine blades to produce mechanical energy. As the steam exits the turbine, it enters a condenser where it is cooled and converted back into water, allowing for the recycling of the water back into the boiler. This process creates a vacuum that enhances the turbine's efficiency by maximizing the pressure drop across the turbine. The overall system contributes to the efficient conversion of thermal energy into mechanical energy and is commonly used in power plants.

What is difference between cmm level and iso?

The difference is that the CMM is a way to communicate capabilities, and ISO is a way to communicate the process. They are not necessarily incompatible. The Capability Maturity Model is a very specific way of classifying an organization's software development methods. In a certain way, it tells how the quality of its software designs is likely to be repeated. ISO-9000 procedures describe a (possibly) definite developemtn process but gives no indication of the likely quality of the designs or whether multiple software efforts are likely to produce software of similar quality.

Is lonnie g Johnson dead?

As of my last knowledge, Lonnie G. Johnson, the inventor of the Super Soaker water gun, is alive. Born on October 6, 1949, he is currently in his early 70s. However, please note that this information may have changed since my last update, and I recommend checking a reliable source for the most recent information on his status.

What is atmospheric distortion?

Moving or variable-temperature air above or inside the telescope which distorts the image.

What is the difference between a column constraint and a table constraint?

column constraint is for a single column. table constraint is for an entire table.

Microphone acoustic energy?

The acoustic energy gets converted into electric energy

What is the internal diameter of a Blue 63mm MDPE PE 80 pipe SDR11 -12 bar water pipe?

approximately 50mm internal diameter but you'll need to verify this with manufactures if you need it to be precise. For modelling purposes this will give you a rough idea.

What is the wind velocity in the back blast area in a jet runway?

Jet engine blast is a lot more than the plane move. A velocity of jet engine exhaust velocity is 3200 m/s for boing 747-400 top speed (velocity 212 m/s).

Addition to thruster velocity principle:

Velocity is associate with momentum of plane where the mass of air to move must be balance with its' velocity in compare to plane mass and velocity.

Where the plane is massive in ratio to exhaust thruster mass. Thruster must be compensate with higher velocity in the ratio to plane mass.

Why can't you live on a mountain?

You can live on a mountain.

Of course, it costs a lot of money to haul the food, materials, and goods required for you to live well on top of the mountain. Depending on the mountain, it may be so high that you would require oxygen to breathe, and so cold that you need lots of heat to keep comfortable.

But it's do-able, if you're willing to spend the money.

What is an hydra form wall?

A Hydraform wall is a wall that is built using the Hydraform building blocks. Hydraform blocks are interlocking building blocks that is produced using a Hydraform block machine. Hydraform block machines utilises compressed earth method in creating building blocks, soil and cement is mixed and then compressed using the machine to manufacture high quality stabilised building blocks. Blocks are intelocking and require up to 70% less mortar than conventional bricks or blocks.

What are facts about oils?

Many products that we use every

day-including gasoline, styrofoam,

and plastic-are made from oil. The

oil used to make these products

often comes from beneath the

ground in the rainforests. Removing

the oil from the ground, or drilling

for oil, is harmful to the rainforest. In

fact, drilling for oil is one of the main

causes of rainforest destruction

worldwide.

Oil, or petroleum, comes from

the fossils of dinosaurs and

plants that lived on Earth millions

of years ago. Oil is used to make

fuels, called fossil fuels, such as

gasoline. Oil is also used to

make plastic bags, bottles,

and cups, styrofoam, and

synthetic fabrics like

polyester and nylon.

Large oil companies drill for

oil on millions of acres of

rainforest. The companies then

sell the oil in order to make

money. There is nothing wrong

with making money, but when

companies destroy the

rainforests to make money they

destroy not only the forest, but

also the lives of the animals

and people who live there.

Oil drilling harms the

rainforests because lots of

trees are cut down to make

room for oil roads, oil

pipelines, and oil machinery. In

some places, people then move in

along the roads and cut down even

more trees. When these trees are

destroyed, all the animals that lived

in those trees are homeless.

Without their forest homes, these

animal species face extinction,

which means they could disappear

forever like the dinosaurs.

Another problem is that when

companies drill for oil the oil is

often spilled onto the soil and

into rivers. Indigenous peoples-

people whose families have lived

in the rainforest for thousands of

years-often become sick from

the pollution. Sometimes indigenous

peoples are even pushed

off of their lands, or

displaced, by oil projects.

Oil also creates air

pollution after it's

turned into gasoline.

Burning fossil fuels like

gasoline (by driving cars

and flying airplanes, for

example) makes our air dirty

and unhealthy to breathe.

Many people get sick from

breathing in too much of this

smog or dirty air.

Burning oil and gasoline

also makes the planet get

warmer and creates

climate change. This

RAINFOREST ACTION NETWORK

221 Pine Street, Suite 500 • San Francisco, CA 94104 • Phone (415)398-4404 • Fax (415)398-2732

email: rainforest@ran.org • Web: www.ran.org

Student Fact Sheet 6

facts about oil

means that weather patterns around the

world start to change in dangerous ways.

Winters become colder, summers become

hotter, and storms become fiercer and more

frequent. These changes in climate are hard

on the forests. One third of the world's

forests are threatened by climate change.

Oil Is Not Necessary

Even though oil and oil products are

currently used to drive our cars, fly our

planes, operate our factories, and warm our

homes, we don't have to use oil for these

things. Instead, we can use renewable

sources of energy, like the sun and the wind.

Energy from the sun and the wind is called

renewable because it never runs out. Light

and heat from the sun can be used to make

solar power and windmills can be used to

capture the power of the wind. The sun and

the wind are great sources of energy

because they don't destroy the rainforests or

harm the planet.

We can also use things other than oil to

make plastic, such as corn. Corn can be

grown on farmland that has already been

cleared for other crops, so it does not hurt

the rainforests or the planet.

What Can We Do To Help?

Until our energy supply comes from

renewable energies like the sun and the

wind, many of us will need to use oil in our

daily lives. By reducing the amount of oil we

use, however, we can make a big difference

for the rain-forests. There are many ways

we can reduce the amount of oil we use.

First, instead of driving our cars, we can

walk, ride a bike, carpool, and take the bus,

train, or subway whenever possible.We can

also write to automobile companies and ask

them to make cars that run on alternative

fuels that do not come from oil.

Second, we can use energy from the

sun as much as possible.We can hang our

laundry outside to dry, warm up special bags

of water for fun solar showers, and ask our

parents to install solar heating panels.

Although solar panels may be expensive to

buy, over time they'll save a lot of money-

and they'll help save the rainforests!

Third, we can use less plastic by using

glass, ceramic, metal, and cloth instead.

Take a cloth bag with you to the market and

use it instead of a plastic grocery bag. Use a

glass or a ceramic mug to drink from instead

of plastic cups, and buy drinks in glass

bottles instead of plastic bottles. If you do

use plastic containers, make sure to reuse

them as much as possible before recycling

them.

The Forth thing you can do is write to

Ford Motor Company. Currently, Ford

vehicles account for approximately one

month of the United States' annual oil

consumption, an amount equal to the annual

oil consumption of Italy. A few years ago

Ford promised to make cars that use less

oil, but they have broken that promise.

Please write to Ford and ask them to make

cars that use cleaner technologies, like

hybrids and fuel cells.

Write to:

Mr.William Clay Ford, Jr.

Chairman and CEO, Ford

Motor Company

The American Road

Dearborn, MI 48120

revised 2/04

Student Fact Sheet 6

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