Cold War

Dr. Strangelove

or How I learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb

The two superpowers involved in the Cold War were the United States and the Soviet Union. The conflict between these two nations was characterized by political, economic, and military rivalry, but without direct armed conflict between them. The Cold War lasted from the end of World War II in 1945 until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991.

The state of military tension known as The Cold War began in 1947.

States and local Government to restrict the freedoms of African Americans

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The international reaction to Stalin's actions in the Cold War, was disbelief. When Stalin, cut off all supply lines to part of Germany, the United States put planes in the air and started dropping supplies into the area for the people who were trapped.

August 13

Following WWII, Berlin was divided into different "Zones." While the Western allies consolidated their zones, the Soviets remained separate and up until the Berlin Wall came down in 1989, the city remained divided. Moreover, Germany itself was divided and Berlin - the former capital - was well behind the East/West line in East (Communist) Germany. As a result Berlin was an outpost of the West in the Soviet sphere of influence. While of only marginal importance tactically, Berlin was the logical flashpoint for US/Soviet flare-ups because of the close proximity of US and Soviet forces and the city's isolation form the rest of NATO. When nuclear war is on the table the discussion of foreign policy changes, particularly between superpowers. Deterrance is the name of the game and deterrance theory requires the "Three Cs" be ruthelessly maintained. Capability - the physical ability to strike, Communication - informing your enemy of the conditions under which you will strike, and Credibility - the enemy's belief that you will follow through on your threats. Both the US and the USSR sought to attain advantage over each other by diminishing each other's credibility. If either could show that the other would back down from nuclear war, the theory went, then the victor in this nuclear powered game of "Chicken" would appear stronger, attrack more allies, and generally fair better. And so the Soviets attempted to instigate crises on what they condidered favorable terms. This would force the United States to either bring out the nukes or let the offense go. Since nuclear war was out of the question, the result would be good for the USSR. Following the first Berlin Crisis and the US repsonse in the Berlin Airlift, the Soviets tried again in 1961 when Berlin was then too large to supply via air. Kennedy responded by driving tanks through the baracades and thus it was Khrushchev rather than Kennedy who did not follow through on a nuclear threat - some say setting the stage for the Cuban Missile Crisis just a year later.

when the usa and the soviet union both wanted more power. While the above answer is correct, the arms race started when the United States launched the first ever Atom bomb. With this and the end of WWII, there were increased tensions between the US and the USSR because of acts during negotiating where the USSR didn't exactly get what it wanted. Also because of acts during WWII where the soviets were left alone against Nazi strikes. So after the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki the USSR developed its first Nuke and things got interesting. Then countries got their nukes established as well. Then the hydrogen bomb was invented and its plans leaked throughout the world. That was the beginning of the arms race where USSR and USA wanted to get more power, more weapons, and to appear more threatening.

During the 1950s, the United States military constructed bases throughout the continental U.S.A., as well as around the world, as part of its increasing engagement in the 'Cold War' with the Soviet Union. Primarily for early-warning defense, other communication, but also offensive purposes, these bases were just one element in an increasingly sophisticated effort by the American military to maintain an advantage against its super-power opponent.

Truman was the first US president to have to fight a limited war, it was he that ordered the world's first atomic weapon usage. And it was he, that had to stop the communists in Korea. His plans, although no doubt modified to meet the times, was still pursued in the fight to contain the spread of communism in Vietnam.

Isolationism may have influenced extreme nationalism which in turn caused aspirations of conquest.

There were times when matters certainly did "heat up and become a tad hot". There were times when the Soviets wanted to come in and take the west. the wall was built so that no one could get out of the west. People in the east became oppressed under communist government and tried making escape attempts. In the end espcailly, when so many things were going on.

At the time (June 1948) the Soviet leadership said that the blockade was a response to the introduction of the new currency, the West German Deutsche Mark, to West Berlin. They claimed that it was a violation of the Potsdam Agreement of 1945.

the war was also called the forgotten war

The casualty figures for the Korean War vary widely depending on the source. The best estimates by Western countries, estimated at the end of the war the countries involved in the three-year conflict had suffered a total of over 4 million casualties, of which 2 million were civilians. According to the U.S. Department of Defense, the United States suffered 33,686 battle deaths, along with 2,830 non-battle deaths during the Korean War and after more than 50 years, there are more than 8,176 Americans still reported as missing. South Korea sustained 1,312,836 casualties, including 415,004 dead. Casualties among other UN allies totalled 16,532, including 3,094 dead. Estimated North Korean casualties numbered 2 million, including about 1 million civilians and about 520,000 soldiers killed. An estimated 900,000 Chinese soldiers lost their lives in combat.

He was the reason the Berlin Airlift took place. Berlin was in the Soviet sector of post-war Germany, but Berlin itself was divided much like the country. Stalin was upset with the Western alliance (U.S., Britain, and France) for producing the London Programme. The London Programme outlined the creation of a Western German state. Stalin stopped all rail, water and road traffic to and from Berlin in hope that the London Programme would be halted. This was legal because the Western alliance did not put in writing the free access to their respective sector of Berlin. The choices were to use military forcce to break the blockade of airlift all the supplies. Since no economy could support another world war they chose to airlift all the goods to Berlin. This disheartened Stalin and he eventually lifted the blockade of Berlin.

Construction of the Berlin Wall started on 13 August 1961. It separated East and West Berlin and plugged the last 'gap' in the Iron Curtain which divided Europe into two blocs. It remained in place till 9 November 1989.

The cold war caused “The Age of Anxiety” when the development of ballistic missiles capable of hurtling nuclear weapons across intercontinental distances raised the possibility of sudden strikes and mass destruction without warning. Everyone in the world was scared of this happening

Military bases employed MANY people. When the cold war ended in 1990, base closures put MANY people out of work.

I've been in the Jewelry business for 20 years as a "jobber" or intermediate wholesaler. I make my living by buying or having jewelry cast for me and selling it to smaller stores. There are quantity and level discounts out there. I can get raw metal cast at a different labor rate than one of my customers could because I come back more often and order larger quantites of one piece. Wal-Mart has done their usual thing to the jewelry trade. The price they sell their chain at is pretty close to the wholesale level. They do it by buying quantity. The same goes for just about anything in the trade - you do get a discount for quantity I do agree with the poster below when it comes to quality and unique items, you can often do better at a small store. I once knew a jewelry who spent a good deal of time going to and cultivating relationships with pawn shops. He got a good deal on diamonds from them and was able to give his customers better deals because the diamond trade is highly controlled at the wholesale level.

Yes if you mean of lower quality. Most mall chain store specialize in mass market lower quality items. But when comparing apples to apples rarely can a jewelry mass merchant offer the same quality item at a lower price than an independent retailer.

There are almost no signifigant volume discounts for the bulk purchase of jewelry. Gold is Gold, you can not get a better deal if you buy one ozt or one ton. Similarly with diamonds. Morris B. Zale, founder or Zales is famous of noting that although they were the largest jewelry chain in the world, in most markets they were second to a strong independent who was competitive on pricing, as there were little economies of scale in the jewelry industry. Zale's inovation was not pricing of jewelry but the bulk of their profits came from their financing are. They practically invented the "credit jewelry" industry. Their large profits came from financing charges.

One proof of this is that unlike almost all other retail industry, the jewelry business is still primarily dominated by independantly owned stores. The chains and mass merchants have not been able to obtain signifigant enough discounts on bulk buying to be able to offer substantially lower prices than the idendepents. Thus unlike toys, clothing, electronics, hardware, Walmart and the other mega retailers have not been able to affect these independent merchants, where as in these other retail categories the mass merchants have totally capture effectively 90% of the US market due to their ability to sell at vastly lower proces in these other retail categories. Also beware of any mechant claiming to offer "wholesale" prices to the public. In almost all cases it is a fraud, and illegal in most states. Wholesalers may only sell to retailers for resale only.

Chain stores are able to purchase jewelry in bulk since they are purchasing jewelry for a number of stores at one time. Because of this, the jewelry manufacturers are often able to give the chain stores a better price than they give the individual jewelers. It�s also important to remember that many individual jewelers create their own jewelry and make many one-of-a-kind items, while almost all of the jewelry sold at chain stores are mass produced items. For example, you may find a piece of jewelry at an individual jeweler that you will not find anywhere else. Whereas the jewelry at the chain stores can be found throughout all of the stores and at many other chains as well. Oftentimes, quality is another important factor to consider. Individual jewelers make up for in quality what they lack in quantity. If you�re looking for a one-of-a-kind quality piece, you�re going to pay more for it and will need to shop at an individual jeweler rather than at a discount chain.

The underlying reason that the Korean War broke out was because it was just another episode in the ongoing Cold War between the USA and the USSR. On the surface, the Korean War seemed to be a war between South Korea and North Korea, but really the superpowers were just using it as a front to combat each other without actually going into a 'hot war'

By 1953 the Chinese, under the guise of peaceful uses of nuclear energy, had initiated research leading to the development of nuclear weapons. The decision to develop an independent strategic nuclear force was made no later than early 1956 and was to be implemented within the Twelve-Year Science Plan presented in September 1956 to the Eighth Congress of the CCP. The decision to enter into a development program designed to produce nuclear weapons and ballistic missile delivery systems was, in large part, a function of the 1953 technology transfer agreements initiated with the USSR.

In 1951 Peking signed a secret agreement with Moscow through which China provided uranium ores in exchange for Soviet assistance in the nuclear field. In mid-October 1957 the Chinese and Soviets signed an agreement on new technology for national defense that included provision for additional Soviet nuclear assistance as well as the furnishing of some surface-to-surface and surface-to-air missiles. The USSR also agreed to supply a sample atomic bomb and to provide technical assistance in the manufacture of nuclear weapons. The Soviets provided the Chinese with assistance in building a major gaseous diffusion facility for production of enriched uranium. Subsequently the Chinese accused Moscow of having abrogated this agreement in 1959, and having "refused to supply a simple atomic bomb and technical data concerning its manufacture. In the past decade China's growing military capability has attracted a great deal of attention, but details about the current and likely near-future state of China's military power have been in short supply. While it is true that China is modernizing its forces and increasing defense spending, the prospective improvements in overall military capability need to be set against the very low-technology starting point of China's armed forces. The Chinese government says its position on potential war with Iraq is "extremely close" to that of France, which says all possible action must be taken to avoid conflict.