Renaissance

Sofonisba Anguissola

Lute was the common accompaniment instrument for Renaissance era but during the Romantic era it changes to piano.

ancient Greeks and Romans

Britain did not exist as a unified location - Wales was split into different principalities, Scotland had its own kings and Ireland was only partially under the control of English kings.

In the area today called Britain many different languages were spoken, some changing over the very long medieval period:

In most of England, Old English was used up to about 1150; it gradually evolved into Middle English. In Cornwall in the far south-west of England, the language was Kernowek but some people must have been bilingual (administrators, lawyers, merchants and so on). On the Isle of Man, Manx Gaelic was spoken (again some people must have been bilingual). The nobility and some others spoke Anglo-Norman French, while Latin was the language of the Church, of schools, books and educated people.

In Wales dialects of Old Welsh were spoken.

In different parts of Scotland people spoke Gaelic, Old Norse, Middle English (Scots dialect) and Anglo-Norman French.

In Ireland a form of Gaelic was used.

MEANING OF RENAISSANCE:-

Renaissance was a great cultural movement that began in Italy during early 14th century. It spread to France, Germany, the neitherland, Spain & other countries in the late 15th century. The renaissance was one of the most signifficant movement in eureopean history because it effected a change in man's attitude towards problem of human existence. Renaissance was not a mass movement it was minority movement of a few scholars, artists, who were patronised by prince & rich merchant. Renaissance means rebirth it comes from latin word 'renaisecer

Copernicus used mathematics to argue that the Sun is the center of the solar system, giving people a convincing alternative to the Catholic Church's Earth-centered model.

The event which most influenced writers during the 1920s was World War I. These writers were known as 'The Lost Generation' because they came back from the war so disillusioned with life. This state of mind is generally reflected in their writing.

Nothing in the middle ages. The Church kept science out as much as they could and expressed the view that the earth was the center of the universe. Superstition explained what people didn't understand. Medical knowledge was limited. In the Renaissance new thinking began to take hold. Science came back with the Crusades from the Middle East and there were new inventions that helped present new ideas on the solar system and nature. The printing press helped spread knowledge and new thinking. Art began to display the new thinking that man could communicate with God himself and didn't need the church. All of this connects to the movement towards greater discovery of new worlds and new ideas.

If you think of history as a connection of events and ideas that lead to the next event and the next idea you can understand how something like the a German who wanted to cool his beer could lead to a fan that lead to a cooling element and finally lead to the atomic bomb. This is what history is made of.

The candle represents God is present. The balance represents the scales on Judgement Day

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the Reformation

it shifted from purly religious art to more inlightened art such as greek and roman myths and more personal paintings

They are called Mangonels.

To get to Asia so they can earn silk, and then sell it to get rich.

I really don't believe there were more scientific advances during the Renaissance than during the Middle Ages.

To check this impression, I looked at the lists of technologies of the two periods in Wikipedia. The inventions listed as being of the Middle Ages seem more important and certainly far outnumber those of the Renaissance.

There are links below to the articles I consulted for this.

I should note that most historians have the Middle Ages and Renaissance overlap to some degree, so the printing press and the blast furnace are claimed by both.

I think there is an issue of perception here. The Church never objected much to scientific advancements of the Middle Ages, so we have no special reason to remember them. There was no special theological problem with the invention of the horse collar or stirrups, and the wheel barrow could hardly have been considered a threat to the Church. Gunpowder and cannons were new, as were combined arms tactics and massed archers, but the Church was more or less neutral on weapons. Clocks and wine presses were of little interest to popes. And the introduction of chimneys and fireplaces, on the one hand, and spectacles, on the other, could only have been welcomed by old men of the Church.

The problem that arose during the Renaissance was one of advances such as those in astronomy, which says something about cosmology, and this, in turn is an object of focus of attention. If there are moons around Jupiter, then there might be life, souls, on Jupiter, requiring their own encounter with God and Saviour. This meant that the Catholic Church might not be actually the only true universal religion. A heresy could be hushed up, as many were during the Middle Ages, but the printing press had come along, so the leaders of the Church felt a need to act quickly in a way they had not needed to do before.

Also, the writers in of the Renaissance regarded themselves as superior to those of the Middle Ages, who were unable to defend themselves in a debate that started after they had died. Our historians have tended to buy the Renaissance point of view uncritically, from time to time.

== == The roof material is lead.

The renaissance focused more on the ideas of spreading education and ideas of math and art, while the Enlightenment built on this ideas and questioned them.

During the Renaissance, the focus shifted from entirely religious to the expansion of man. What people were capable of doing was more important than how it related to faith. Education, the arts, and attitudes became modern, and a good deal of power shifted from the clergy.

Spreading the Renaissance ideas was not the work of one man. Leonardo da Vinci was at least as well known as Michelangelo, and Renaissance ideas also comprised literature, poetry, philosophy, etc.

Shakespeare lived during the Renaissance, so everyone he knew, he knew during the renaissance.

The most common stage in the Elizabethan Era was the thrust stage

it looked to science to explain the world around them, and this also was an influensed intot he art. Da Vinci is a prime example of this becasue he used very detailed notes and drawlings to create his art work.

The Renaissance

To improve education, he also built libraries and collected books.

There were about 40,000 peasants involved in the peasants revolt. Wat Tyler and John Ball were also involved in the peasants revolt of 1381.

Medieval England experienced few revolts but the most serious was the Peasants' Revolt which took place in June 1381, A violent system of punishments for offenders was usually enough to put off peasants from causing trouble. Most areas in England also had castles in which soldiers were garrisoned, and these were usually enough to guarantee reasonable behaviour among medieval peasants.

An army of peasants from Kent and Essex marched on London. They did something no-one had done before or since - they captured the Tower of London. The Archbishop of Canterbury and the King's Treasurer were killed. The king, Richard II, was only 14 at the time but despite his youth, he agreed to meet the peasants at a place called Mile End.

What were the peasants angry about and why had they come to London?

1. After the Black Death, many manors were left short of workers. To encourage those who had survived to stay on their manor, many lords had given the peasants on their estates their freedom and paid them to work on their land. Now, nearly 35 years after the Black Death, many peasants feared that the lords would take back these privileges and they were prepared to fight for them.

2. Many peasants had to work for free on church land, sometimes up to two days in the week. This meant that they could not work on their own land which made it difficult to grow enough food for their families. Peasants wanted to be free of this burden that made the church rich but them poor. They were supported in what they wanted by a priest called John Ball from Kent.

3. There had been a long war with France. Wars cost money and that money usually came from the peasants through the taxes that they paid. In 1380, Richard II introduced a new tax called the Poll Tax. This made everyone who was on the tax register pay 5p. It was the third time in four years that such a tax had been used. By 1381, the peasants had had enough. 5p to them was a great deal of money. If they could not pay in cash, they could pay in kind, such as seeds, tools etc., anything that could be vital to survival in the coming year.

In May 1381, a tax collector arrived at the Essex village of Fobbing to find out why the people there had not paid their poll tax. He was thrown out by the villagers. In June, soldiers arrived to establish law and order. They too were thrown out as the villagers of Fobbing had now organised themselves and many other local villages in Essex had joined them. After doing this, the villagers marched on London to plead with the young king to hear their complaints.

One man had emerged as the leader of the peasants - Wat Tyler from Kent. As the peasants from Kent had marched to London, they had destroyed tax records and tax registers. The buildings which housed government records were burned down. They got into the city of London because the people there had opened the gates to them.

By mid-June the discipline of the peasants was starting to go. Many got drunk in London and looting took place. It is known that foreigners were murdered by the peasants. Wat Tyler had asked for discipline amongst those who looked up to him as their leader. He did not get it.

On June 14th, the king met the rebels at Mile End. At this meeting, Richard II gave the peasants all that they asked for and asked that they go home in peace. Some did. Others returned to the city and murdered the archbishop and Treasurer - their heads were cut off on Tower Hill by the Tower of London. Richard II spent the night in hiding in fear of his life.

On June 15th, he met the rebels again at Smithfield outside of the city's walls. It is said that this was the idea of the Lord Mayor (Sir William Walworthe) who wanted to get the rebels out of the city. Medieval London was wooden and the streets were cramped. Any attempt to put down the rebels in the city could have ended in a fire or the rebels would have found it easy to vanish into the city once they knew that soldiers were after them.

At this meeting, the Lord Mayor killed Wat Tyler. We are not sure what happened at this meeting as the only people who could write about it were on the side of the king and their evidence might not be accurate. The death of Tyler and another promise by Richard to give the peasants what they asked for, was enough to send them home.

By the summer of 1381, the revolt was over. John Ball was hanged. Richard did not keep any of his promises claiming that they were made under threat and were therefore not valid in law. Other leaders from both Kent and Essex were hanged. The poll tax was withdrawn but the peasants were forced back into their old way of life - under the control of the lord of the manor.

However, the lords did not have it their own way. The Black Death had caused a shortage of labour and over the next 100 years many peasants found that they could earn more (by their standards) as the lords needed a harvest in and the only people who could do it were the peasants. They asked for more money and the lords had to give it.