Absolutism (Political)

correct me if I'm wrong but I'm pretty sure its JOHN RAWLS.

No, it is a one-party state, the one party being the Communist Party. It has been in this state since 1959, the year of the Cuban Revolution, when Fidel Castro seized power.

austrian dynasty that established absolutism

Saudi Arabia is still an absolute monarchy, and has been since 1992, when The Basic Law of Government adopted in 1992 declared that Saudi Arabia is a monarchy ruled by the sons and grandsons of the first king, Abd Al Aziz Al Saud.

Catherine the Great

Parliament

Had the Russian Revolution not happened is a difficult historical concept. The removal from power of the Monarchy is obviously a pre requisite of a Republic. There is much in Russian history to suggest that had the Revolution not happened then the monarchy there would now be extremely powerful.

In western Europe there were many wars in the 1600's and 1700's because the people were not satisfied with local government officials. Norway finally had enough and declared a peace treaty with Denmark. This was later to be known as the King's Law because it gave complete power to only one ruler.

Don't know if its right but i can tell you one effect it had. First off, castles and fortresses of medieval times were made obselete by the new use of gunpowder. Nobles could no longer control territory from behind the comfort of large stone walls. In addition, armor technology was passed by weapon technology; gunpowder gave weapon manufactures the ability to create projective weapons to pierce nearly any obstacle.

no they were not

Enlightened absolutism was a form of absolute monarchy. It began to fail because of a struggle of ideals between the rulers and countries involved.

reason why is if you have a government that runs on an absolutism system you and everyone else in the nation would be subject to the rulers ideas without a say in anything that is done. The ruler has absolute power.

In 1066, William the duke of Normandy (vassal to King of France), invaded and conquered the entire kingdom of England. Thanks to the fact that England is an island, this facilitated the entire control without confronting border disputes with any other countries. So, once in command, King William implemented a feudal system, by which he sought advice of a council of tenants-in-chief and ecclesiastics in command, before making any laws. He consulted with his most powerful subjects, and by mid 13th century, these consultations or “parlays”, later transformed into “parliaments”. These practices grow, and even the wealthiest but lesser-than-noble came to the Parliament to address their grievances. The Parliament, by the 14th century solidified as a permanent institution of the government of England. Despite the institution of the Parliament, during the first half of the 17th century, two monarchies in power attempted to emulate French absolutism. Both, James I (James VI of Scotland) and his son Charles I tried to rule without consulting the Parliament, even to rule without it. But, Parliament had so much power by that time, that neither James nor Charles could successfully decrease its role in the government. Charles I needed more than his dad the financial support from the Parliament, reason why he had a bitter confrontation. Furthermore, because he did not concede to its demands regarding taxation, law trials, and the recognition of the Protestants’ church; a civil war began by 1642, and lasted for two generations. In fact, the Parliament’s rich supporters, they prospered merchants and taxpayers financed a New Model Army. A military force composed by farmers, protestant’s followers, poor artisans and day laborers. This New Model Army defeated the King Charles I, which was publicly executed by order of the Parliament. In such manner, once the Parliament secured its interest, brought from the exiled the son of the executed King, Charles II and restored the court and Crown. This new King, conscious of what happened to his dad, he obviously was never tented to try to impose absolutism. Withal, his brother James II did try to bend the Parliament, but his Catholicism never got the sympathy of the Anglican Church. Adding to this, even the upper class wanted the monarchy, they did not want absolutism. Later, by 1688 the Anglicans and powerful aristocrats support an invasion from James's son-in-law to save the government from his absolutist ideals. So, a new freely elected Parliament deemed James to have abdicated, to replace him by his protestant daughter Mary, and her husband William III from the Netherlands. Ergo, William’s victory defeated for the last time the absolutist ideals in England. The Parliament finally secured its rights to assemble and to have voice and vote in all government business, officially documented in the Bill of rights (1689).

he had many ideas that dealt with the enlightenment

some of them being religious tolerance- he weakened the influence of the Church, got rid of the Jesuits and reduced the influence of the Inquisition

he also created land ownership for the poor

Yes. They installed Louis XVIII on the throne and reversed the republican system of France at the time.

Frederick II 1194 - 1250 was one of the most powerful Holy Roman Emperors of the Middle Ages.Some chronicles say that his mother, the forty-year-old Constance, gave birth to him in a public square in order to forestall any doubt about his origin.

They were thoroughly enraged. They felt like they had moved beyond Absolutist monarchical rule and would not readily submit to another overbearing king. There were revolutions in France in 1830, 1832, and 1848 against the monarchs when they flexed their absolutist muscle.

The French people felt the only way to stop the violent conflicts that had arisen was to have a powerful leader. As a result, the powers of the nobility were drastically reduced, making them all subservient to the king, rather than on an equal basis.

Absolutism was only possible in Europe after the sovereigns were able to overcome the local vested power of nobles, through the use of national armies without local agglomeration. However, during the feudal period, English nobles (barons) forced the monarchy to guarantee their legal position with the Magna Carta. As a result, when the English monarchy would finally be militarily capable of asserting absolutism, it was effectively prevented from doing so because of the barons' power in Parliament. Conversely, French, Spanish, Prussian, Austrian, and Russian nobles did not have these protections and lost power as monarchs became more capable of consolidating their power under absolutism.

construction of St. Petersburg

Enlightened Monarchy also called benevolent despotism, is a type of government formed in the 18th Century where absolute monarchs sought legal, social, and educational reforms. The Enlightenment mainly inspired these reforms. 3 of the most distinguished monarchs were Frederick the Great, Catherine the Great, and Joseph II. These monarchs usually created administrative and economic reform, and religious toleration. One reason why these individuals have earned their title is because they were able to institute these reforms without undermining their supremacy or disrupting social order.

More than any other ruler of the age, Frederick the Great embodied enlightenment absolutism. Stemming from the accomplishments of his forebears, Frederick the Great forged a state that commanded loyalty of the military, primarily made from the junker nobility, the Lutheran clergy, a growing middle class, and university professors. Because the Prussian monarchy and military's authority was strong, and because the nobles, clergy, and professors were loyal, Frederick the Great was able to permit a more open discussion of Enlightenment ideas and values than that of any other continental ruler. As a consequence (in contrast to France), Prussians sympathetic to the Enlightenment tended to support the state rather than criticize it.

Similar to earlier rulers, Frederick the Great protected the local social and political interests of the Prussian nobility, but he required nobles who sought positions in his bureaucracy to qualify for those jobs by merit. Frederick the Great made it clear that merit rather than privilege of birth would determine who served the Prussian state. During his reign, Frederick the Great created few new nobles and the people whom he did make nobles earned their titles by merit. This policy of "ennobling" only for merit meant that Prussia did not experience the conflicts between the aristocracy and the monarchy that troubled other eighteenth-century European states.

Frederick the Great also personally participated in the culture of the Enlightenment. He favored the Prussian universities and allowed professors to discuss new ideas. As a result, Prussian professors highly supported Frederick.

Because of the "Promotion by merit" mindset, the Prussian state required academic training for appointment to positions of authority. In turn, nobles started attending universities. There they studied with middle class Prussians who wanted to serve the state either as Protestant clergy or bureacrats. As a result, nobles, clergy, and bureaucrats in Prussia shared a similar educational background that combined Enlightenment ideals with broadly shared religious values and loyalty to the state.

Frederick the Great also ordered a new code in Prussia law. He wanted to make the current law system more efficient. He did this by eliminating regional peculiarities, reducing aristocratic influence, abolishing torture, and limiting the number of capital crimes. The mid century war had damaged Prussia's economy. So Frederick used the power of the state to foster economic growth. He continued the long lasting policy of importing workers from outside of Prussia. He wanted to fully develop Prussian agriculture. Under his supervision, swamps were drained, new crops were introduced, and peasants were encouraged to migrate to places where they were needed. For the first time in Prussia, potatoes and turnips became important crops.

Frederick the Great's long lasting legacy in the Enlightenment was in his full religious toleration policy. As before mentioned, he continued the long lasting policy of toleration for foreign workers who brought important skills into Prussia. He allowed people of many religions into his country. Frederick however still appointed Protestants to most key positions in the government. Frederick the Great embraced the enlightenment idea advocated by philosophers Immanuel Kant and Moses Mendelsohn of full religious toleration by allowing Jews and Catholics to settle in his mainly Lutheran country.

Charles I, Stuart, king of England and Scotland.

eastern absolutism had serfdom as its main form of income while western absolutism had the textile industry

Absolute Power in all sector of life was key. This power allowed French monarchs to portray themselves as practically gods. Louis XIV was called the "Sun King" because of his immense power.

The Kings of France held absolute authority, but they did not govern alone. The task of running a nation was too much for one man. As a result, French monarchs would often appoint ministers to advise him and take care of the details that the King did not have time or interest for. These men were nobles and members of old, rich French families that were looked upon favorably by the crown. Ministers for War, Finances, and Trade were common.

French monarchs also had the absolute power to tax. Unlike in England, where the right to tax was restricted by an elected parliament, French monarchs could tax as they wished. However, this did not always work out well because the burdens of taxation fell mostly on the poor working class. Clergy and the aristocracy were exempt from most taxes. Additionally, French kings always spent more than they were bringing in from taxes, so an immense national debt resulted, and would eventually come to head with civil unrest during the 1780's

A constitutional monarch, is a monarch whose powers are limited by a constitution. An absolute monarch (for example Louis XIV of France) will rule without a constitution, investing all powers in themselves as a monarch with little or no bureaucracy, and few restrictions on his actions.