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History of the Middle East

Located at the juncture of Asia, Africa and Europe, the Middle East has been one of the centers of ancient civilization. Today it continues its historic significance as it provides much of the world's energy through its oil resources.

5,104 Questions

Was India part of the Roman Empire?

Yes, England was part of the Roman empire. It was part of the province the Romans called Britannica.

What does a scholar look like?

A scholar spends most of their time studying to learn as much as they can about a particular subject. A scholar might be a student or someone who has already graduated that is very knowledgeable in their field. Their main job is to go out into the world and do good things by contributing to their field academically and in their work.

How were the hanging gardens of Babylon destroyed?

The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were destroyed mostly due to lack of matinence.


After 1ST Century B.C They were struck by an earthquake and destroyed!

What Middle Eastern countries are led by a theoretical government?

Iran is the clearest example, with the Ayatollah being the Supreme Leader of the country.

In Saudi Arabia, while the Wahhabi Clerics do not hold the official reins of power, their views are very influential in the King's decision-making process.

Several of the Emirates in the United Arab Emirates rule quite stringently according to Shari'a Law as well, but the clergy are not in power.

How do Arabs communicate?

Knowing that Arabs are normal people , they do communicate by speech , that means by speaking to each other using their mouths.

Where do the majority of people in Southwest Asia live?

Most of the population in Southwest Asia is located where there is water.

Describe how the growth of Alexander's empire spread Greek culture?

  • Alexander established Greek as the universal language throughout the empire which simplified and improved the free flow of trade, knowledge and ideas.
  • Cities were founded and settlements were created for Greek colonists on trade routes allowing Greek culture to spread with ease by Greek soldiers, traders, travellers, intellectuals and artisans.
  • The conquered lands were introduced to Greek philosophers, the great works of the Greek playwrights, scientists and mathematicians etc and scholarship was encouraged.
  • Alexander had Greek temples, theatres, baths and gymnasiums built and Greek architecture, statues and inscriptions were distributed spread through the lands in abundance.
  • The empire used Greek coinage depicting the images of Greek Gods and commemorating Greek historical and mythological events.
  • He encouraged Greek intermarriage with the local peoples.
  • His Generals continued the Hellenization process as they expanded their portions of the Empire, after Alexanders death.

Why is there war in Palestine?

There is a war because the land was originaly Palestine, but was split up after world war 2 to add Israel so that the Jews could have some of the holy land. The Isrealis attacked the Palestinian half of Jerusalem and other Palestinian states because they said the holy city could never be split.This resulted in Palestinians getting kicked out of their homes, but some fought back, and there is still dispute there now.

Ask the US why it supports Israel against civilian Palestinians

Because the Palestinians are being ruled and abused by the Israeli's and being denied there rightful homeland. The lands they do still have are being taken away from them and Israeli settlements are being built on them.

Is Israel country government stable?

No. The Hamas-Fatah Civil War has cooled off, but is not truly over and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict has not been settled.

How does Anti-Semitism relate to the modern State of Israel?

Anti-Semitism causing Anti-Zionism
This should be self-evident. The Logic goes thus: Anti-Semites oppose any Jewish aspiration to freedom and/or power. Zionism, the Jewish Nationalist philosophy on which Zionism was based, promotes Self-Determination for the Jewish people which is an aspiration to freedom and power. Therefore, Anti-Semites oppose Zionism. Additionally, many people who are Anti-Semitic see Jews as running some sort of international cabal to strip power from everyone else. Equipped with a country, who knows what further havoc Jews could cause.

Anti-Zionism causing Anti-Semitism

Since Israel is the "Jewish State" many of its political policies are seen by those with little knowledge of Judaism to be part of Judaism. Additionally, they note that Jews outside of Israel do not criticize these actions and often openly support them. This leads to political Anti-Zionist sentiment becoming manifest in religious and ethnic Anti-Semitism. Many of the leaders of Muslim majority states have either said Anti-Semitic statements openly or have funded the circulation of Anti-Semitic literature (such as the Protocols of the Elders of Zion) as part of their demonization of Israel and its citizenry.

Note: While there are certainly those who say that Anti-Zionism is a form of Anti-Semitism, this particular answer uses the term Anti-Semitism to refer to exclusively anti-Jewish beliefs like: Jews are Christ-killers, Jews are descended of swine and monkeys, Jews control the economy, and other such nonsense which existed prior to and has nothing to do with the State of Israel.

How did Osama bin Laden get his money?

The elite special forces group known only as the US Navy Seals were green-lighted to launch an expedition to capture or kill Osama bin Ladin at a fortified compound in Pakistan. When offered the opportunity to surrender, Mr. bin opted to resist. DNA results have confirmed his identity.

What was Dubai like in the past?

Feel free to use this for homework:

As you know Dubai is located in the UAE in Asia. In the mid 1800's, it was nothing compared to it is now. It was familiar with riding camels and walking to places but now it is the 33rd richest country.

How did sadam hussin die and when?

he was hung in Iraq several years ago you can find video of it on the internet

Which Middle Eastern countries were controlled by Britain and France?

"Controlled" is an unclear term. The British had two forms of colonial possession in the Middle East: the Mandate and the Protectorate. The Mandate has more direct British official leadership such as a local governate, but the intent is to ready the local people for self-determination. The Protectorate was the British defense and foreign policy management for a de-jureindependent sovereign.

British Mandates: Palestine (which would become Israel and Palestine), Transjordan (which would become Jordan), and Iraq.

British Protectorates: Egypt, Trucial States (which would become the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, and Bahrain), Oman, Aden Protectorate (which would become South Yemen and later unify with North Yemen to create Yemen), and Kuwait.

The British also had a sphere of influence in southwest Iran.

French Mandates: Lebanon, Syria, and Alexandretta (which would be annexed by Turkey in 1939 as Hatay Province).

What are the rivers in Southwest Asia and North Africa?

There are four permanent rivers in the Middle East: the Nile, the Euphrates, the Tigris, and the Jordan. There are many more rivers, but these are seasonal rivers, which means that they dry out in the summers.

What is the largest religious group in the middle east?

Answer 1

The largest group in the middle east is Abrahamic.

Answer 2

The most populous religious group in the Middle East is Sunni Islam.

Answer 1 tells us nothing about the various religions in the Middle East. With the exception of Zoroastrianism, all of them are Abrahamic (Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Druze, Baha'i, Yazidi, etc.)

Why did the cities in sumer develop into separate city states?

At that period in time it was difficult to organize a larger empire. The bureaucracy required to maintain holdings far from direct control was not available. This led to control being limited to the distance a person could walk or run in a day's time (basically a city). Eventually, leaders like Sargon of Akkad were able to conquer multiple city-states and assemble small bureaucracies to help him administrate the landholdings, leading to the first empires.

What was the initial reason for the conflict between Palestinians and Israeli Jews?

The conflict between the Zionist Project and the Arab People began in the mid-1920s and 1930s. In the early days of Zionism, a few Jews immigrated to what was then the Ottoman Empire, bought territory from the Turks and began to cultivate it along with the indigenous Palestinian Fellahin (farmers). They introduced new agricultural techniques (from Europe) and built infrastructure in the region. The Arabs saw little issue with a few Jews fulfilling some pipe-dream because of the investment they brought to the region. The Arabs were under the impression that the Jews would never arrive in sufficient numbers to actually realize the Zionist Dream.

In the 1920s and the beginning of the British Mandate Period, Zionists began arriving more frequently and in greater numbers. They began assembling Jewish militias to protect their interests and began attacking British outposts. It became clear to the Arabs that Zionism was no longer a pipe-dream but was actually something that the Jews were going to actualize. The Arabs were deeply offended by the notion that they should have to give up any land to accommodate the Jewish vision. They began to form their own militias and attack Jewish settlements and pleaded with the British government to limit Jewish immigration. The British complied and kept Jewish immigrant numbers low through the late 30's and 40's which meant that when a Jewish State would have been most useful, Jews were forbidden from going there.

When the British announced after World War II that they were withdrawing from the Mandate of Palestine, Jews and Arabs separately but contemporaneously began trying to establish their own infrastructures to build states. When the Jewish State was declared, Arab armies from the surrounding nations invaded and Arab civilians fled the Mandate in the wake of the fighting for numerous reasons. Many of the Arab armies made it clear that the they would not stop until every Jew was dead and many Arab civilians saw some of the atrocities committed by Jewish soldiers in Arab villages as evidence that the Jews were reciprocating this tendency, even though Israeli Prime Minister Ben Gurion strongly encouraged Arabs not to leave.

Why are dundee united fans called the Arabs?

because they used to put sand on there pitch in the winter and it was like playing in the desert

What do you call a citizen of Iraq?

A citizen of Iraq is an Iraqi. However, most Iraqis inside Iraq identify by Tribe or by Religion as opposed to most Americans inside of America which identify by State, County, or City.

What year did the Arabs take Jerusalem?

This question misunderstands how the Arabs "came" to the Land of Israel. They did not arrive; the indigenous people became Arabs. The Pre-Arab ancestors became Arabs almost uniformly (accept for the Jews and some Christians) by around 1200 C.E. Prior to this there were still groups that retained Byzantine identities, Phoenician identities, Samaritan identities, and so forth.

In terms of the population growth of the Arab population in late Ottoman Palestine and Mandatory Palestine, while there are some right-wing Israeli views that this was due to migrations from Arab countries to perform jobs provided by the Jewish improvement of the economy, the dominant scholarship is that the increases in sanitation and development led to the population increase.

Arabs, Turks, Magyars (Hungarians), and numerous other ethnic groups are not actually homogenous. They are composed of two historical groups that intermarried and created a unified culture. In the Arab case, Arab nomads from Arabia conquered the Levant region and brought it under their rule. During that period, those Levantines who converted to Islam began to take on the same mannerisms as the foreign Arabs who had conquered them. They began to speak the same language, dress in the same clothes, and believe in the same general ideologies. This process is well-documented by Arabs and is called Arabization or Ta3arib (تعريب). This is why the Jews and the Christians of the Upper Middle East (the Levant and Mesopotamia) often do not consider themselves Arabs. Unlike their Levantine brothers whose conversion to Islam made them more susceptible to Arabization, they retained their pre-Arabized ethnic sensibility. Therefore, although Palestinians call themselves Arabs, the majority do not and should not have lineages that go back to Arabia, but to pre-Arab ancestors in the Levant region, likely Jews, Christians, and Pagans in the Byzantine Empire.