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Microprocessors
A microprocessor is the heart of any computer, whether it is a server, a desktop machine, or a laptop. This single chip contains the arithmetic, control, and logic circuitry necessary to interpret and execute computer programs.
2,578 Questions
Why misd architecture has never been used?
MISD didn't exist when Flynn was categorizing the machines. It might have been added for symmetry in his chart. Its applications are very limited and expensive and currently there seems to be no commercial implementation. But it is a research interest topic. One example is systolic array with matrix multiplication like computation. With rows of data processing units (cells) sharing the information with their neighbors immediately after processing.
Why is the Op-code the first part of an instruction loaded into the instruction register of the CPU?
Not necessarily. Some processors (Z80, for example) allow "prefixes" before the op-code.
How do you program a micro controller?
There are many different ways to program microcontrollers. In fact, the question can even have two meanings:
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how do you write software for a microcontroller?
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how do you store your software as program code inside the microcontroller's memory?
Step one is to learn the features of the controller by examining the datasheet. A microcontroller is usually a nearly-complete system in itself. Peripherals in the hardware perform (or help the software perform) specific tasks. These are usually accessed with internal registers available to the CPU.
Next, make sure the design is achievable using the chosen microcontroller. If it is, design the software to accomplish the goal. This can be as simple as a procedural sequence of commands, or as complex as creating a real-time operating system (RTOS) capable of running multiple tasks under tight timing constraints.
Write the code in the chosen language. The CPU of a microcontroller, or any digital CPU, only understands its own language, "machine language." This is simply a sequence of bits (arranged as bytes and words) that drive the internal state machines in the CPU. A step above this is assembly language, which is usually as close to machine language as programmers get. Programmers use mnemonics in place of specific bit sequences, and provide the necessary parameters to create each machine language command. I don't know of any modern microcontroller that does not at least have an assembler. Above that are compiled languages, such as C. These take programming abstractions one more step, allowing for a single line of code to correspond to much more than one machine language step. At this level, function libraries are used to provide reusable code with different parameters. Interpreters are occasionally used in microcontrollers also.
Once the code has been created, it will need to be stored where the microcontroller expects it. Many modern microcontrollers are flash-based. This means that the software is stored in flash memory inside the microcontroller IC. Some are still EPROM-based, where the memory can be written electronically but must be erased by exposing the silicon die of the IC to ultraviolet light. Others may have no internal program memory and rely on external flash or EPROM. Some even have bootloaders, where a given set of code starts up and looks for the actual program somewhere off-chip (in memory ICs) or even off-board (transmitted over a serial communications link).
Flash-based microcontrollers are usually "in-system programmable." This means that you can connect a device to a computer and to the microcontroller board, and download code to the microcontroller. The process usually involves sending multiple short segments of code to the microcontroller, which writes that segment to its program storage memory. Then the microcontroller is reset and it boots from the new code. The device and the computer software to download code is often provided by the manufacturer of the microcontroller, or other third-party providers.
What is the name of first microprocesser?
The first single chip processor was the Intel 4004. It ran at 764 khz (yes that is kilo hertz)
What is the different between 8051 microcontroller and PIC microcontroller?
8051 MICROCONTROLLER has no in built A/D Converters but PIC has it.
8051 MICROCONTROLLER based on CISC architectuture while PIC based on RISC archirecture.
8051 has 250 instruction which take 1 to 4 machine cycle to execute while PIC has nearly 40 instruction.
What is basic components of WAN?
First of all, WAN is an acronym for Wider Area Network. A good example of a WAN is the Internet. The basic components of a WAN would be routers, satellites, ISP mainframes, transmission media (Fiber Optics backbones, Power lines, network cables etc....i suppose satellites would also be classed as a transmission media). The most essential of an WAN Component can be Modems / Routers / Router abd Firewalls.
What is the meaning of transistor in processor?
It is used in the control logic and for representing controlled data.
Basically a transistor has two inputs where one of the inputs decides whether or not to output the other.
Imagine you have a vacuum cleaner. If the vacuum cleaner is on then the following two conditions are met:
1. The cable is connected to the wall.
2. You have the switch in on position.
These two conditions represent the two inputs in the transistor (both being "on" if you can hear your vacuum cleaner).
The output is represented by whether or not the vacuum cleaner is on.
The switch decides whether or not to let whatever electrical signal you may have through to the vacuum cleaners engine.
If switch is on then it outputs the signal from the cable. If the cable is not connected there will still be an output but it will be an "off".
Sorry about the potentially confusing analogy.
Is the micro chip the mark of the beast?
No it is not the mark of the beast. Neither is Sunday worship or a social security number. The mark of the beast is a parody of the mark of the Lamb. Just as the mark written on the foreheads of the 144,000 in Revelation 14 symbolizes identity with the Lamb, so the mark on the right hand and forehead in revelation 13 symbolizes identity with the beast. Additionally, there is no way John's first century audience, with "wisdom" and "insight", would ever have been able to calculate the number of a twenty first century beast.
What does APM use to control power management?
From the Battery-Powered-mini-HOWTO " .. for APM to work on any notebook or energy-conscious desktop, the system BIOS ROM in the machine must support the APM standard. Furthermore, for APM to work with the Linux operating system, the system BIOS ROM must support either the 1.0 or 1.1 version of the APM standard, and it must also support 32-bit protected mode connections. A system that supports APM 1.1 is preferred, as it provides more features that the device driver and supporting utilities can take advantage of." You may get information about the APM version with the dmesg command and in the /proc/apm file.
A more simple answer tho is; APM is an earlier version of power management. With APM, the BIOS was used to control the settings for power management. source
When was the computer invented?
The answer to this question depends on your definition of a "computer". The earliest "computers" were mechanical devices used to help people count. The first known counting devices or tools were Tally Sticks from about 35,000 BCE.
The abacus was invented, possibly by the Babylonians or the Chinese in about 2400 BCE. The abacus consists of movable counters that can be manipulated to add and subtract. The abacus is still used today for basic arithmetic.
As mathematics became more complex, it got harder and harder to invent mechanical devices to solve math problems. One of these devices was conceived in 1786 by J. H. Mueller, who called it a "Difference Engine." It was never built.
Difference engines were forgotten and then rediscovered in 1822 by Mathematics Professor Charles Babbage. This machine used the decimal number system and was powered by cranking a handle. The British government first financed the project but later cut off support. Babbage went on to design a much more general analytical engine in 1845, but later returned and produced an improved design (his "Difference Engine No. 2") between 1847 and 1849. Babbage's design was completed in 1871 by his son, Helmet P.Babbage. The Analytical Engine was designed to be powered by a steam engine and was to use punched cards to direct its operation. Punched cards were in use to program mechanical looms at the time.
During WWII Konrad Zuse invented the Z1. According to Mary Bellis, the Z1 was the first real functioning, binary computer (actually, it was a very large calculator--but a computer nonetheless!). Zuse used it to explore several ground-breaking technologies in calculator development: floating-point arithmetic, high-capacity memory and modules or relays operating on the yes/no principle. Zuse's ideas, not fully implemented in the Z1, succeeded more with each Z prototype.
In 1939, Zuse completed the Z2, the first fully functioning electro-mechanical computer. It was followed by the Z3. These machines were used to produce secret codes for the German military. For a while this gave the Germans a decided advantage. But then, the British, guided by mathematician Alan Turing, created the Colossus Mark I.
Colossus was the world's first programmable, digital electronic computer, developed in 1942-43 at "Station X", Bletchley Park, England. British code breakers used Colossus to read the encrypted German messages. The Germans didn't know their "Enigma" code had been broken. This is one reason the D-Day Invasion succeeded.
In 1939, John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry developed the Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) at Iowa State University, which was regarded as the first electronic digital computer. The ABC was built by hand and the design used over 300 vacuum tubes and had capacitors fixed in a mechanically rotating drum for memory.
In 1945, ENIAC, created by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, was unveiled. ENIAC (Electronic Numerator Integrator Analyzer and Computer) weighed in at 27 tons and filled a large room. Not surprisingly, ENIAC also made big noises, cracking and buzzing while performing an equation of 5,000 additions. Before the invention of ENIAC, it took a room full of people to calculate a similar equation.
The first electronic computer that could store its own programs was developed in 1948 at Manchester University. It was called "The baby" and celebrated its 60th birthday in 2008. See BBC and Manchester University links in related links below. This is widely considered to be the forerunner of the modern computer.
The UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer) was the first commercially available, "mass produced" electronic computer. It was manufactured by Remington Rand in the USA and was delivered to the US Census Bureau in June 1951. UNIVAC I used 5,200 vacuum tubes and consumed 125 kW of power. 46 machines were sold at more than $1 million each. By this time, computer design was limited primarily by the size and heat of vacuum tubes.
The vacuum tube was eventually replaced by the transistor. Shortly afterward, in 1959, the monolithic integrated circuit (now called the microchip) was invented by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments in Dallas, Texas, and a few months later by Robert Noyce, of Fairchild Semiconductor in California. The two companies were embroiled in legal actions for years, but finally decided to cross-license their products. Kilby was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2000.
The microchip led to the development of the microcomputer -- small, low-cost computers that individuals and small businesses could afford. The first home computers became commercially viable in the mid to late 1970s, but more so in the early 1980s. By the 1990s, the microcomputer or Personal Computer (PC) became a common household appliance, and became even more widespread with the advent of the Internet.
It is hard to state the exact date the computer was invented as it a continuous process. Computers were first introduced in 1822.
Applications of Microprocessors in Telecommunications and power system?
: hi.. : i have a little idea about this question.. : because of low power consumption and accurate measurements we can use static relays based on microprocessor in power system networks. also filtering of noise is possible with static relays(based on microprocessor). : also for continious monitoring and security we can use these microprocessors.
Where is the time control unit located on a 1986 Nissan 300ZX?
The Time Control Unit (TCU) is located on the right side above the passenger's right foot.
It's a pain to get to. It's up in the area wher the dash meets the right side. It's mounted in the right side panel/cavity in front of the door. It is not mounted to the firewall.
To get to it do the following:
- remove the glove compartment (not required but makes it much easier)
- remove the right side kick panel
- remove the ECU (REMOVE THE CAR'S BATTERY FIRST)
- remove the ECU wiring harness mounting bracket
- remove the heater blower
Functional block diagram of 8086 microprocessor?
The link below is from Wikipedia and the diagram is clickable to enlarge.
Computer location in 1997 Saturn?
The computer is under the dash by your left foot. Lokk up to the left of the steering column and you will see a grey box with pink and blue connectors coming out of it. It iss mounted at the top so you need to remove the dash cover to remove the computer
What is Advanced Microprocessor Ignition System in automobile?
advanced microprocessor ignition system is the one which uses it.........thats all i know...........
How can you take off the top to your 85 corvette?
Assuming your car is a coupe (targa-top), taking the top off is as easy as removing 4 TORX bolts from the roof panel.
There are 2 bolts in the front of the panel, each under the sun visors. (they get loosened but never come out)
There are two bolts in the back, approximitley above each seat.
It originally came with a special ratchet, but you can use the correct size TORX bit to take them out.
What are the parts of a microprocessor?
The microprocessor contains the CPU of a microcomputer. It is composed of the Arithmetic Logic Unit, Cache Memory (optional), Memory Management Unit (optional), Bus Interface Unit, Control Unit, Instruction Decoder, and Registers.
How do you calculate CPU burst time?
Well, as we know that several processes are running in the background, roughly we can calculate the bust time by saving the time stamp before running the actual code at the local variable as well as final time stamp just after the actual code and find the difference.
Yes, your a/c is not functioning if the EC light is on. This usually means that you have a leak in the a/c system, and low system pressure, which causing the system to turn off the a/c compressor and turn the EC light on, indicating there is a problem. Unless you are familiar with a/c systems, I would suggest taking to a repair shop, so they can leak trace the leak for you. Pressing it toggles it on and off. So if the EC (Economy - AC off) light is on, press it again to turn it off and AC will start working again.
Is there a central register for wills?
Different jurisdictions have different rules for filing probates. In Massachusetts it is done by county at the Probate and Family Court. In Massachusetts, wherever you file a probate you can also file a will for safekeeping while the testator is still alive. There is no federal "central" register of wills.
