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Immune System

This category is for questions about how our bodies identify and fight off disease, infection or pathogens through specialized cells, tissues and organs. The system that does this is called the immune system. It produces antibodies which recognize intruders and neutralizes potentially pathogenic organisms or substances.

4,548 Questions

Are you immune to Influenza after you have had it?

You are not immune to Influenza. Even getting the yearly flu vaccine is no guarantee that a person won't get the flu. You can get the flu but it won't be as bad as it could be if you hadn't received the flu vaccine.

What is it called when a transplanted organ is attacked by the body's immune system?

It is called organ rejection, which occurs when the recipient's immune system recognizes the transplanted organ as foreign and tries to attack and destroy it. Organ rejection can lead to the failure of the transplanted organ if not managed properly with immunosuppressive medications.

What types of memory cells are developed in the immune response?

There are two major cell populations that are responsible for "memory" in the immune system T and B cells. B cells produce antibodies that neutralize antigens, blockade the pathogens receptors, or otherwise mess with the ability of these pathogens to function. T cells can develop into central memory or effector memory cells, each type is defined by how long they hand around in the body and how easy it is for them to respond to re-infections. T cells, depending on their type, will either help direct the immune response (T helper cells) or can killers (cytotoxic or killer T cells).

Once these cells encounter their specific antigen they will divide and go about their business protecting our bodies. Once the they're no longer needed for clearance their numbers fall and only a fraction of the cells generated stay alive. These cells (T or B) can respond much faster and in greater numbers than original response. This is why you rarely ever get sick with the same disease twice.

What problems does it cause?

Above all I would say narcissism causes much emotional confusion for the partner involved with the N. Various problems occur, the partner sometimes becomes depressed and has feelings of guilt and self blame wondering what went wrong? it often takes a long time for the person to recover from the so called "relationship". I'm 25 and going through it now, my N partner lost his mother at a young age and I guess he lost his soul then too. It is sad to think they will never feel love the way we do, so sad. Hope I have helped.

Why do some kids get diabetes when they are young?

Type 1 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes in children.

The exact reason has not understood yet but it is most probably caused by inherited mutant genes or environmental triggers such as diet.

The majority of children who develop Type 1 don't have a family history of diabetes.

Why does the first born child not have erythroblastosis fetalis?

The first child born of a female is generally not at risk for erythroblastosis fetalis because the mother's immune system has not been exposed to the fetal blood antigens and therefore has not produced antibodies against it. However, by the second pregnancy there is a slight risk if the blood type of the fetus is not compatible with the mother's blood type.

What are the chemical substances that are capable of inhibiting growth of killing pathogenic microorganisms in humans?

Is it "growth of killing..." or "growth or killing..."?

If it's the former then the answer is bacteriostatic agents, these are a type of antibiotics that specifically inhibit growth. If it's the latter, then it's just antibiotics in general

Where does urine form?

Formation of urine Human kidneys consist of three layers. These layers are, in order, the cortex on the outside of the organ, the medulla, and the pelvis. Blood flows into the medulla through the renal artery. In the medulla and cortex, the renal artery branches into increasingly smaller arteries. Each of these arteries ends in a blood filtration unit called a nephron. Two healthy kidneys contain a total of about 2 million nephrons, which filter about 190 litres of blood daily.

A nephron consists of a network of tiny blood vessels, the glomerulus, surrounded by Bowman's capsule, a two-layer membrane that opens into a convoluted tubule. Pressure forces much of the blood plasma (fluid portion of the blood) through the glomerulus and into Bowman's capsule. The resulting tubular fluid, which contains water and dissolved chemicals, then passes into the convoluted tubule. The portion of the blood that remains in the glomerulus flows into small vessels called capillaries, which surround the convoluted tubule. As the tubular fluid flows through the tubule, substances needed by the body are absorbed by the cells of the tubule wall. These substances, which include amino acids, glucose, and about 99 per cent of the water, then rejoin the blood in the capillaries. The capillaries return the blood to the heart by way of the renal vein.

Substances not absorbed in the tubule are wastes that the body cannot use. Other wastes are secreted into the tubular fluid by the tubular cells of the kidney. These various substances, which include ammonia, urea, uric acid, and excess water, make up urine. The urine passes from the convoluted tubules into larger collecting tubules and then into the pelvis layer of the kidney. A tube called the ureter carries urine from each kidney into the urinary bladder. Urine collects in the bladder until it passes out of the body through another tube, the urethra. Healthy kidneys produce from 1 to 2 litres of urine daily.

How does a pass-lock system work on a 2004 impala ls?

See PASSLOCK on page 2-17 of your "Owner's Manual" under section 2 Features and Controls; Theft-Deterrent System.

How is medical ether produced?

The concept of ether states that it comes from nothing but simple is (perhaps).. It is from ether that other particles such as atoms come into existence.. A spirtual person would say ether comes from "God" or perhaps in its totality is god.

How do you not bite your nails?

My friend put band aids on her finger tips. It helped her to stop because she didn't like biting band aids.

Or you can also purchase a special nail varnish for your nails that has a bad smell/taste to stop you from biting your nails.

Picture of monocytes?

you can also have detail from following link

http--www.depts.ttu.edu-liru_afs-images-Monocyte.gif

How does meditation effect or interact with ADHD medications such as Adderall?

I have been diagnosed by Western doctors as having bipolar disorder, and I have been taking various meds over the years. I am also a meditator, with fifteen years experience. I can tell you, with no hesitation, that meditation is *fantastic* for people with a higher energy state. In my view, both the manic phases of bipolar and ADHD are examples of this state.

As a person learns to watch the mind, feelings, and physical sensations, s/he gains the ability to catch inappropriate or harmful behaviors in the first instants that they arise. One gains the ability to see things as they come up, *before* one acts on them, so one has more choices as to how to move in the world.

Also, meditation has been shown in many studies to induce calming effects on various sections of the nervous system.

I would suggest finding a meditation which feels right, and going for it.

How long is the mast on a 38' harmony sailboat?

About 42 feet. But that's a guess, you might try the Poncin Yachts brochures or telephone number.

Does donating blood plasma affect body building like working out or exercise?

Yes, donating blood plasma does affect body building like working out or exercise. You see, it will affect the quality of your workout and the body's resistance to injury and repair to the body if an injury occurs.

What is the braking effect system on a truck?

Depending on what the truck is, it may have air brakes, air-over-hydraulic brakes, or hydraulic brakes. Air brakes may be foundation brakes, to include flat cams (very rarely seen), S-cams (the most common), or wedge brakes (not so common anymore, although they are sometimes used on the steer axles of heavy haulers and vocational trucks), or they might be disc brakes, or now, even piston brakes (as far as I know, UPS is the only major carrier which uses them). Depending on country, truck brakes will either use ABS (in N. America) or EBS (in Europe).

How do you phagocytes prevent infection?

Phagocytes are the white blood cells that protect the body by ingesting harmful foreign particles such as bacteria and dead cells. Also they are essential for fighting infections and for subsequent immunity.

Phagocytes are crucial in fighting infections, as well as in maintaining healthy tissues by removing dead and dying cells that have reached the end of their lifespan.

During an infection, chemical signals attract phagocytes to places where the pathogen has invaded the body. These chemicals may come from bacteria or from other phagocytes already present.

Hope this will help!