Fire Prevention and Protection

The fire codes (and building codes) that may be adopted in a particular place may vary slightly from the national codes, and there is more than one national code (not to mention numerous international codes, depending upon what country you're in).

In the USA, NFPA 101 Life Safety Code determines the maximum occupant load based upon a number of factors, primarily: the type of occupancy, the square footage of space used by customers, size and distance to means of egress, etc.

After the Station Nightclub fire in 2003 (Warwick, RI), rules were changed to require additional "main entrance" egress in new construction, as well as "crowd managers" for larger crowds.

Your local rules may vary according to many other factors, but the rule of thumb for a nightclub is a minimum of 15 square feet (net) per person (not including areas occupied by kitchens, offices, bathrooms, storage, etc) and the capacity of the egress is based upon 0.3 inch/person for unsprinklered stairways and 0.2 inches of clear width per person (or 0.15 i/p if the entire occupancy is properly sprinklered), of the narrowest places along the egress pathways.

The main entrance must have sufficient capacity for at least 50 percent of the permitted occupant load, or 2/3 of that maximum load in new construction.

For example, if the club is allowed to have 1000 people inside, then the main entrance must be large enough to accommodate 500 of them, i.e., 500 x 0.2 inches, or 8 feet 4 inches of clear exit width (at least 3 doors, each 36 inches wide). For new construction, the number would be 666 x 0.15 inches or 8 ft 4 inches of clear exit width, same as the earlier 50 percent number, but safer (in theory) because it will be required to have sprinklers. Without sprinklers it would need 11 feet of clear exit width, i.e., three 3-foot-wide doors.

The correct answer will depend on your local codes and ordinances, which may reference national fire or life-safety standards, which reference national fire alarm standards.

NFPA 72, the National Fire Alarm and Signalling Code, requires the operating switch of manual pull stations to be located between 42 and 48 inches from the floor. NFPA 72: 17.14.4 (2010).

Where I live, we are subject to ADA (Americans with Disabilites Act), and it requires manual pull stations (and other things containing an operable control, like light switches) to be mounted at 48 inches. The operating handle height must not exceed 48", so the electrical box is usually mounted 48" to the center of the box.

Your municipality may have other specific rules, so check with your AHJ (Authority Having Jurisdiction) to be sure.

Fire extinguishers come in many colors including red, silver and white. The goal is to have an easily recognized color so that it can be quickly located and identified during an emergency.

Ethanol is totally burned.

distributed control systems

Outside the building.

EN standards and NFPA standards do not actually "match". There may be equivalent functions, addressing equivalent needs, but drafted by completely different people according to their own objectives and procedures.

There may also be overlap in the cross-referenced standards, where international harmonization has occurred among manufacturers, such as for safety testing and certification of specific types of equipment.

Fire prevention is effective because it focuses on reducing the risk of fires starting in the first place. By implementing safety measures like regular maintenance of equipment, educating the public on fire safety, and enforcing building codes, the likelihood of fires occurring is significantly decreased. This proactive approach helps to avoid the devastating consequences that fires can cause, rather than trying to fight them after they have already begun.

Technically, a "fire exit door" is any door that leads to an exit discharge. Not all fire exit doors are required to have a fire rating or panic hardware or an out-swinging hinge. However, many fire exit doors are fire rated, meaning that they are expected to endure at least some amount of fire for a limited time. Also, some types of occupancies cannot have in-swinging doors anywhere in the egress path.

In the US, they are often made of wood or metal. Sometimes they are part of a firewall that is part of a fire rated corridor, and have a rating (such as 1-hour). Rated doors are solid wood or mineral filled metal doors, and are rated by a special agency.

An important part of exit doors are the direction of swing and special hardware that allows use in case of panic. Panic hardware for buildings with a large exit load includes a bar near waist height that unlocks the door when pressed from the inside. Some exit panic hardware has a built-in delay for security reasons.

Doors made of aluminum and glass are often used at the front of stores and offices. Glass used in a rated fire door assembly must also be fire rated.

If you mean "false alarm", there could be an investigation about who called in the fire.

If you mean times between emergency calls at the fire station, there are many other parts of being a firefighter. Bottom line, they spend time making sure they and the equipment are ready for anything, then help with fire prevention and other administrative tasks.

In addition, firefighters are often called to other emergencies that do not necessarily involve "fires", such as assisting medical responders, attending industrial accidents, motor vehicle accidents, and various other types of rescues. They have to be trained, equipped and ready for those as well as fires.

Burning magnesium reacts with co2. As a result white powders of magnesium oxide is produced along with black particle of carbon. 2Mg+Co2=2MgO+C.

Perhaps you refer to Thomas J. MARTIN (not "Marshall") who had a patent.

A US Patent 125,063 for a "Fire Extinguisher" was issued to Thomas J. Martin on March 26, 1872. It described a pressurized water pipe for running spray nozzles inside buildings. It is nothing like what we now refer to as portable "fire extinguishers".

If you know of any related inventions by anyone named T.J. Marshall, please let us know.

Depends on size of transformer and type (dry,mineral oil, silicone) as well as ground slope and building construction.

Health (blue) 3

Fire (red) 0

Reactivity (yellow) 0

Special (white) OX (oxydizer)

You think probable to acetone. The acetone peroxide is an explosive.

This is a very complicated matter, but as a practical matter the answer is "Yes."

The analysis should be entrusted to an expert in NFPA 70E, OSHA regs, and Arc Flash Hazard Analysis. Arc Flash warning labels alert employees of the dangers they are about to encounter and inform them of the correct PPE.

According to OSHA regional director Richard Terrill, "The employer is required to conduct an assessment in accordance with CFR 1910.132(d)(1). If an arc flash is present, or likely to be present, then the employer must select and require employees to use protective apparel. Employees who conduct the hazard/risk assessment, and select and require their employees to use protective clothing and offer PPE appropriate for the task, as stated in the NFPA 70E, are deemed in compliance with the hazard assessment and equipment selection OSHA standard."

During a fire drill you should use the normal exits of the room and proceed to the exit from the building or other safe place of refuge.

If the normal exit is blocked, you should use a second means of exit, either through another door or through a window, if it is safe to do so. Some drills require you to find a second exit as a method of teaching you how to act when a real fire might block your normal exit. However, it is never wise to put anyone in actual danger, much less injure anyone, during a drill.

John Braithwaite invented the first steam fire engine.

I have the same problemsaab 95 kombi - 1999you have to change the battery of alarm system (change the horn complete ;-(

filo from Swiss

Bleeding a sprinkler system involves draining the existing water from the pipes. Afterwards, the pipes should be completely dried by using an air compressor.

Usually one or more USCG-approved Class B-I or B-II are required.

According to US Coast Guard regulations (46 CFR 25.30):

At least one USCG-approved Class B-1 fire extinguisher is required on any powerboat with a permanently installed fuel tank.

A UL-listed 5-B:C extinguisher, with 2 pounds of dry chemical, may provide the basis for the extinguisher, but it must ALSO conform to USCG-approvals (proper corrosion protection, labeling, mounting bracket, etc).

A 4-pound CO2 extinguisher or 6 quarts foam extinguisher may also be rated for USCG B-1 service.

Powerboats over 26 feet may require additional extinguishers, as detailed in the related questions.

Up to 26 feet: one B-I extinguisher;

Over 26 but under 40 feet: two B-I extinguishers;

Over 40 feet but not over 65 feet: three B-I.

Note that two B-I extinguishers may be substituted for a B-II extinguisher.

NOTE: When a fixed fire extinguisher system is installed in the machinery space(s), it will replace one B-1 type portable extinguisher.

Yes, because fire is a major danger to cruise ships.

You cannot make a rimfire cartridge because you need the proper tools and machinery. You may look up some companies that make obsolete ammunition, such as Old Western Scrounger. The .25 Rimfire has been out of production for nearly 50 years, but now and again a maker will produce a limited quantity of ammo.
Please do not try to make RF ammo as a home project- the priming compound is extremely sensitive, and very dangerous to handle.

Three classes of fire are recognized by the National Fire Protection Association.

there are 3 detectors i can only think of 2 off the top of my head, there is a continuous fire wire which detects mainly heat and sets off the sensor if there is a break in the wire caused by melting,, so u may get a false fire indication from a hot start, there is also an infra-red detector which is more accurate as it can be used to detect actual flames,, the third detector is much like the continuos fire wire and only detects heat so again is not as accurate as the infra red.